Diabetes The Fifth Leading Cause Death - 1769 Words

In the United States in 2010, â€Å"diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death† and out of all these, â€Å"a total of 234,051 death certificates [listed] diabetes as an underlying or contributing cause of death† (American Diabetes Association, 2014). In 2012, â€Å"29.1 million people or 9.3% of U.S. population have diabetes† (Center for Disease Contro, 2014). Out of 29.1 million, 21.0 million people are diagnosed and 8.1 million people are undiagnosed. About 25.9% are ages 65 and older and approximately 0.25% is under the age of 20. With the growing number of fast food restaurants opening on almost every corner, these numbers are, sadly, not very surprising. People these days have schedules that are so hectic that they almost always don’t have time to care about their well-being and have such unhealthy lifestyles. With that, serious health complications arise and unfortunately, diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent. Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by the body’s inability to metabolize glucose. Glucose is the body’s main source of fuel for energy. Too much or too little of it can cause some serious complications in the body. Normal glucose level in the blood should be between 70-120mg/dl. An increased level of more than 250 mg/dl is called hyperglycemia. Signs and symptoms â€Å"include the three ‘polys’: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger)† (Rosdahl, 2012). Other signs and symptoms may includeShow MoreRelatedObesity Is Prevalent Between Children And Adolescents In1177 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is the second leading cause of death after smoking in the US. It also causes cancer, and it is associated with unhealthy eating and less exercise or physical activity. The concerns of childhood and adolescent obesity include earlier puberty and menarche in girls, type 2 diabetes and increas ed rate of the metabolic disease in adolescence and adults. Therefore, the rate of obesity has increased in the American children in the last three years. The type 2 diabetes causes anticipated debilitatingRead MoreHealth and Social Care Level 3 Assign3 Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesImproved drugs ( particularly, antibiotic) 3.2 Examine the main causes of mortality in men aged 65- 84. The leading causes of mortality in men over the age of 65 are also among most common causes of death among the population are as a whole. Many of these conditions are also highly preventable and treatable. Here are the top six main causes of mortality in men over 65. * Heart Disease: Heart disease is the number one cause of death among adults over the age of 60. Heart disease includes conditionsRead MoreHealth Disparities787 Words   |  4 Pages10 global health disparities. The type of health disparities that Americans face are Heart disease, Cardiovascular disease, Type II Diabetes, Colon cancer, and Obesity. Heart disease is the leading cause of death throughout the world. Cardiovascular disease and cancer account for almost two-thirds of all deaths in the United States. There is debate about what causes and who are primarily affected by health disparities. Health disparities are not just based on race, ethnic and cultural differencesRead MoreThere Are Many Individuals That Strive For Balance Which1562 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is diabetes. Diabetes is a disease where sugar builds up in a person’s blood, and it can also have an effect on people’s daily life and can occur in an individual for many reasons like due to when the insulin production is unbeneficial or the body s cells do not make enough sugar, obesity, or eating none nutritional food. â€Å"Diabetes is the most serious and deadly condition. Currently, this is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S., and will soon be the fourth leading cause. Almost twentyRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Disease Affecting Multi Organ System1190 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes mellitus or DM is a disease affecting multi-organ systems due to the abnormal insulin production, improper insulin usage or even both. It is a very serious health problem throughout the world effecting thousands of people.A survey conducted in United States showed that almost 6.2% of the population suffers from this disease. It is a matter of great issue that almost one -third of the population is unaware of the disease. Incidence Diabetes is actually the fifth leading cause of deathsRead MoreEssay On St. Louis1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe health status according to the 2017 County Health Rankings, St. Louis has a homicide death rate of 33 people per 100,000 (â€Å"Crime,† 2017). The health care clinician to patient ratios for primary care physicians are 1 to 83 people, dentists are 1 to 48 people and mental health is 1 to 272 people (â€Å"Crime,† 2017). The population that are uninsured is eleven percent and are between the ages of 18 to 65 (â€Å"Crime,† 2017). The Missouri Health Improvement Act of 2007 (Senate bill 577) seeks to makeRead MoreAn Obese Town of St. Albans in Queens, New York Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesthan or equal to 30 is obesity ((Organization, 2013). Obesity is the most common preventable deaths and the fifths leading health risk globally. Obesity has also been linked to other debilitating diseases and can increase a person’s chances of being hospital ized. Obesity-related conditions include heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer, some of the leading causes of preventable death (cdc.gov, 2014). According to the New York City Department of Health and Hygiene in 2011Read MoreNative American a Cultural Diversity1426 Words   |  6 Pagesethnic group), one in ten American Indian elders reports some mobility limitation but not self-care limitation; one in five American Indian elders lives in housing without a telephone; and one in every eight American Indian elders received less than a fifth grade education . The lives of todays Indian elders are likely to have been influenced by the history of oppression, repression, intergenerational anger, and intergenerational grief, experienced since North America was colonized by Europeans.TheRead MoreHealth Needs Of The Bedford Stuyvesant Community1048 Words   |  5 Pagestype 2 diabetes. Many needs were observed and documented and included barriers, access to health service challenges, access to affordable healthcare, access to community-based support organization and unavailability of safe parks and other available spaces to exercise. Through this need assessment proposal, I hope to highlight the health needs, why it is considered a public health issue for the neighborhood of Central Brooklyn. I will target the group at risk for developing type-2 diabetes, the populationRead MoreMedical Care Access, Diagnostic Evaluation898 Words   |  4 Pagesmental illness at some point during their lifetime (CDC; APA). Major Depressive disorder is a l eading cause of disability for ages 15-44. Major depressive disorder affects approximately 14.8 million American adults or 6.7 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older in a given year† while anxiety affects †¦40 million†¦adults ages 18 and older†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NIMH; APA). Comparatively, cardiovascular, diabetes, epilepsy, obesity, cancer, and asthma, and other chronic diseases are surfacing with increased

Essay Antony Flew The Existence and Belief Of God

Antony Flew: The Existence and Belief of God Antony Flew starts by telling the audience this story of two explorers that accidentally came upon a garden in a jungle. In this garden, there were many beautiful flowers and weeds. One explorer says, some gardener must tend this plot. While the other disagrees, there is no gardener. So, these two explorers tried to figure out who was right and who was wrong. They waited the whole night, but no gardener was ever seen. Then the Believer said that there must be a gardener, that he is an invisible gardener. He tried everything he could to convince to the Sceptic that he was right, barbed-wire, electrifying fence, patrolling bloodhounds. But no gardener was ever found. Still†¦show more content†¦Flew also talks about other assertions such as God has a plan, God created the world. He calls them, a peculiar danger, a endemic evil, of theological utterance. He states that they first look very much like assertions, vast cosmological assertions, but there is no sure sign, no evidence that they either are or are intended to be, assertions. Flew said that, for is the utterance is indeed an assertion, it will necessarily be equivalent to a denial of the negation of that assertion. What he meant is that if one asserts something then one must deny something. He then goes on by saying that, anything which would count against the assertion, or which would induce the speaker to withdraw it and to admit that it had been mistaken, must be part of the meaning of the negation of that assertion†¦.and if there is nothing which a putative assertion denies then there is nothing which it asserts either; and so it is not really and assertion. What does he mean by this? He proposesShow MoreRelatedAntony Flew on Christian Life1823 Words   |  7 Pagestheir backs on their once held beliefs to argue that (Christian) faith is unreasonable and without real substance. Rationality seems to be the source of every argument for the non-existence of God, and is often understood as inherently opposing to faith. However, the story of Antony Flew is one that atheists can and should not discard, as he experienced something very different. Born into a Christian family Flew grew up in the church and was exposed to Christian beliefs and customs. He never reallyRead MoreEpistemology1017 Words   |  5 Pagesdie? Is there really such thing as a God? I have struggled with these three questions throughout my entire life, and I was very intrigued to discover that all of these questions were addressed throughout the many different readings in Libs 201: Exploring the Unknown. Author Chris Frith dissects the idea that the mental world is an illusion created by the brain in h is book Making Up The Mind. Antony Flew, a former atheist, argues that there is such thing as a God or an â€Å"agent† and backs up his theoryRead MorePhilosophy: Study Guide1406 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophys Sub-Disciplines Introduction Which argument for the existence of God is strongest? Why? This is the specific issue that this paper will address. While there are many millions of people in the world who believe in the existence of God or Allah, Brahman, Jehovah, among other names there are also millions who do not believe in the existence of God. This dispute is an ancient one; and as Deepak Chopra points out, since we cannot see God and because He is †¦nowhere and everywhere at the same timeRead MoreThe Mystery of Evil Found in Job Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesThe existence of famine, war, disease, and other distasteful aspects of humanity pose a tough, insistent question as to why God chose to create evil. As an infinitely powerful creator, surely a morally perfect God can and should create a world where evil does not exist in the first place. To propose otherwise seems to paint God as a malevolent being who apparently takes joy in watching the chaos. Bernard Leikind (2010) is a physicist who published an article that paints a representation of the mysteryRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of Humes Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion4493 Words   |  18 PagesAuthor of Nature as they do upon Humes authorship: They do not prove the existence of their respective authors, but may well shed some light on the nature of these disparate beings. The bulk of Humes Dialogues concerning Natural Religion is given over to two discussions of the so-called argument from design. (1) In Part 2 Cleanthes succinctly states an argument a posteriori that attempts to prove at once the existence of a Deity, and his similarity to human mind and intelligence. AccordingRead MoreEssay on The Age of Alexander1793 Words   |  8 Pagespopulous urban centers. Advances were made in various fields of scientific inquiry, including engineering, physics, astronomy and mathematics. Great libraries were founded in Alexandria, Athens and the independent kingdom of Pergamum. The old beliefs in Olympian gods were infused with foreign elements, especially from the east; Oriental ecstatic cults, such as those of Cybele, Isis, and Mithras, become popular in the Hellenized world. The 3rd century BC saw the rise of ancient Rome. After securing

Air Carriers for High Technology Systems - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAir Carriers for High Technology Systems. Answer: On 22nd May 2010, the Air India Express Flight 812 bound from Dubai to Mangalore overshot the runway while landing and hit the airport boundary fence and fell into the gorge. Due to error in planning descent profile properly, the incident occurred and it resulted in massive wreckage as the airline caught fire and 152 passengers and all 6 crew members died in the accident. Only 8 people survived the accident. Investigations also revealed that there was no sign of bird strike nor any sabotage (Belgaunkar, Govind). In terms of severity, the accident was the third deadliest aviation accident in India. The investigation reports on the case revealed that safety violation was the main cause of accident as plane landed 610 m beyond the actual touch down point. The accident could have been prevented if the pilot had applied manual braking at touchdown and did not attempted long landing. Other safety violations that occurred was that flight captain was in prolonged sleep during the flight lead ing to sleep inertia and impaired judgment. Secondly, the absence of the Mangalore Area Control Radar also contributed to the accident (Indian Air Force). Although passenger aircraft have strict safety requirement, however still safety provisions is violated by many airlines. This might occur due to ambiguity in giving instructions to the crew members regarding flight safety, crew resource management and poor judgment in emergency cases. There is less focus on taking proactive measures to address flight safety related issues too (Maurino, Daniel et al). Having an independent safety organization could have minimized such incidents. Link: https://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-AXV.pdf Reference Belgaunkar, Govind. "158 Killed As Plane Crashes At Mangalore." 2017, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/158-killed-as-plane-crashes-at-Mangalore/article16303394.ece. Indian Air Force 2017."Report On Accident To Air India Express." 2017, https://dgca.nic.in/accident/reports/VT-AXV.pdf. Maurino, Daniel E., et al.Beyond aviation human factors: Safety in high technology systems. Routledge, 2017.

KFC marketing analysis free essay sample

KFC is highly popular international fast food chain restaurant in Bangladesh. KFC stands for high quality fast food in a popular array of complete meals to enrich the consumer’s everyday life. KFC strives to serve great tasting, â€Å"finger licking good† chicken meals that enable the whole family to share a fun. Uninhibited and thoroughly satisfying eating experience, with same convenience and affordability of ordinary Quick Service Restaurants. Transcom Foods Limited, a concern of Transcom Group is the franchisee of KFC in Bangladesh. The first ever KFC restaurant has been opened in September at Gulshan, Dhaka with a seating capacity of 178 persons. In the coming days, KFC plans roll out more restaurants in Bangladesh STP Marketing Strategy Running a successful business is not like a field of dreams; you can build it but they might not come true. You have to let people know about the product or service you offer, and persuade them to buy or use it. We will write a custom essay sample on KFC marketing analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And you have to let people know about your product or service repeatedly. For this, marketing strategy is very important. Your marketing strategy consists of: The what has to be done. Inform consumers about the product or service being offered. Inform consumers of differentiation factors. So it helps the company to decides which customers it will serve (segmentation and targeting) and how (differentiation and positioning). It identifies the total market, then divides it into smaller segments, selects the most promising segments , and focuses on serving and satisfying the customers in these segments. And this marketing strategy provides the goals for your marketing plans. Figure: Marketing Strategy KFC has marketing strategy emphasis on the following facts: Market Segmentation Market targeting Differentiation Positioning A) Market Segmentation: Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different needs, characteristics or behaviors and who might require separate products or marketing programs. KFC mainly focus on following market segments. Figure: Market Segmentation Demographic Segmentation: Demographic segmentation consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. As one might expect, demographic segmentation variables are amongst the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups. Also, for practical reasons, there is often much more data available to help with the demographic segmentation process. KFC give their concern in following demographic segmentation:- Age: One of the first variables of demographic segmentation is age. This is because consumer needs and wants change with their age. In KFC Generally there is no age limit focus by the KFC. The target and focus is on each and every individual in a society. KFC finds its largest demographic in the young of any society. Figure: Age Life cycle stage: Closely connected to age, the life cycle stage of a consumer group defines what will be the need of that particular customer. For this KFC offer kids meal with toys and veggi burger for old age people. This demographic segment cannot be said as an â€Å"Age† segment because these customers are in specific phase of their â€Å"Life†. Income: Another popular basis for segmentation is income. A person’s income level combined with its accumulated wealth is the major determinant of the consumers’ willingness to purchase a product. Income is the main decisive factor that influences consumers purchasing power. Consumers with low incomes may not be able to purchase their desired products whereas consumer with higher incomes may not be satisfed with the existing product. In KFC Income is an important key factor for KFC. This factor decides which class is to be targeted. In the early rise of KFC they focused on the upper class but slowly are introducing economy meals that attract the lower to middle classes. Figure: Income Social Class: This plays a vital role in the demographic factor of the KFC. Generally they target upper class, upper middle class, middle class and middle lower class. Because the items KFC sell are very expensive. Figure: Social Class Family size: This plays a vital role in the demographic factor of the KFC. Generally they target whole families rather than single persons. This being the reason for their Family Meals which are basically bundled items served at a nominally cheaper rate. Figure: Family Size Religion: Bangladesh is a country of religious group. The two main groups are Muslim and Hindu. KFC offing items which are make by chicken and other drinks that are totally alcohol free. So every religious group can have their products. Geographic segmentation The market is segmented according to geographic criteria—nations, states, regions, countries, cities, neighborhoods, or zip codes. Geo-cluster approach combines demographic data with geographic data to create a more accurate profile of specific. With respect to region, in rainy regions you can sell things like raincoats, umbrellas and gumboots. In hot regions you can sell summer wear. In cold regions you can sell warm clothes. KFC in Bangladesh only focus following geographic segmentation. These are:- City: Because Bangladesh is a developing country and the fast food business highly profitable in only Dhaka and Chittagong city that’s why KFC only focus on this two city. Key Spots: Tourist spots Commercial Areas University Canteen Psychographic Segmentation: Psychographic segmentation is dividing a market into different groups based on social class, lifestyle, or personality characteristics is called psychographic segmentation. KFC divides market on the basis of psychographic variables like: Life Style (Lifestyle is not specific) Personality (Personality is ambitious and authoritarian) Behavioral Segmentation In behavioral segmentation, consumers are divided into groups according to their knowledge of, attitude towards, use of or response to a product. It is actually based on the behavior of the consumer. Occasions: The first form of behavioral segmentation is selling product in different occasions. In Bangladesh KFC can permit their customer to celebrate various occasions. They also offer their customer on cricket match â€Å"KFC Popcorn Chicken†, on Valentine’s Day special couple discount offer. Benefits: Several products are targeted towards the benefits sought by the customer. For this KFC only focus some social class. Loyalty Status: There are two ways to grow a business. First is to acquire new customers and second is to retain your existing customers. The more loyal your customer is to you, the more your customer base will increase. That’s one more kind of behavior which marketers target. In case of KFC, they have some advantage because they are well known chain international fast food company. B) Market Targeting: Market targeting is the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. After a company has defined market segment it can enter one or many of these segments. A company should target segments in which it can profitably generate the greatest customer value and sustain it over time . A Company with limited recourses might decide to serve only one or a few special segments. A company with a great number of recourses might decide to serve two or more segments. C) Market Positioning: Positioning is arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive and desirable place relative to competing products in the minds of target consumers. After a company has decided which market segments to enter, it must decide how it will differentiate its market offering for each targeted segment and what positions it wants to occupy in those segments. A product position is the place the product occupies relative to competitors products in consumer’s minds. Marketer wants to develop unique market positions for their products. If a product is perceived to be exactly like others on the market consumers would have no reason to buy it. KFC promotes a â€Å"high quality poison† for its products. It produces high quality products, chargers a high price, distributes through high class dealers and advertises in English newspapers with a high circulation. KFC is communicating through physical sighs and ques that people use to judge quality. For KFC management the image their customers carry in their mind is the most important factor. That is why for them the product quality, which is almost, standardizes the entire world except little differences because of local requirements the promotions are very critical factor. The people which are their customer and the physical evidence, the environment customers get in the KFC are the focus that built KFC’s image in the customer mind that is why they are always trying to bring positive changes in the environment so that every time their customer enter the KFC, can feel the difference. They think that trough continuous efforts they have developed such a brand image in their customer’s minds that their customers have become brand loyal. I order words they have got brand equity. 4P’S Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a business tool used in marketing. The marketing mix is often crucial when determining a product or brands offering, and is often synonymous with the four Ps: Product Price Place Promotion Fig: Marketing mix a) Product: A product can be defined as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, actuation, use or consumption that might satisfy want or need. KFC is specially dealing in the chicken products; Basically, KFC has the special recipe for chicken products that is why, KFC is known as a chicken specialist all over the globe. KFC target the Asia and east side because they observe that these people like the chicken products, so they enter in the market due to the demand of their chicken products. c) Place: Place includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. High quality product, attractive pricing, huge promotional activities is of no use if the product is not available to the consumer. In our country, there are 11 outlets of KFC. They are located in convenient place so that the customers can easily go and enjoy delicious foods. The outlets are: 1. KFC Gulshan 2. KFC Banani 3. KFC Dhanmondi 4. KFC Mirpur 5. KFC Eskaton 6. KFC Baily 7. KFC Paltan 8. KFC Uttara 9. KFC Chittagong 10. KFC Coxs Bazar D) Promotion: Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the products and persuade consumers to buy it. It is the method used to inform and educate the chosen target audience about the organization and its products. Using all the resources of promotion: Advertising Sales Promotion Public Relations Events and Experiences Coupons, Discounts and Bundled packages An organization finds most of its meanings and survival through promotion. At KFC, Promotion is the main tool to bring all chicken lovers attention towards its delicious one-of-a-kind product, the Fried Chicken. a) Advertising: The logo of the smiling Colonel is probably one of the most recognized faces in the world and instantly brings the image of fried chicken to one’s mind. It also does the following activities as advertisements: Figure: Advertising media b) Public Relations: It is a communication effort that is designed to favorably influence attitudes toward an organization, its products and policies. KFC is not just a quality food restaurant, but also a socially conscious corporate citizen. It has been equally involved in promoting and funding several community welfare projects through aggregate KFC revenue. To enhance public relation KFC does different types of seminars and employee training classes. c) Sales Promotion: All KFC outlets offer its customers with various forms of incentives to buy its Chicken. Using coupons that one can acquire after spending a particular amount over a period of fixed time, customers can enjoy the benefits of free meals or free add-ons. Additionally they provide meal vouchers and exciting offers in their print ads, which the customer must cut and bring along. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is an overall evaluation of the company’s strengths(S), weakness(W), opportunities (O) and threats(T). The SWOT analysis begins by conducting an inventory of internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization and the external opportunities and threats that may affect the organization, based on market and the overall environment KFC is the strongest brand in the fast food industry in the world. For knowing about situational market analysis and identifying market opportunities, lacking, getting knowledge about future threats, and evaluating their overall market growth KFC always make a SWOT analysis. Figure:SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: Strong franchises all over the world. Taste and food quality are better than other food corner They are successful in maintaining their loyal customers. They serve variety of items under single menu. Variety in menu Interactive relationship market. It doesn’t have any core competition in chicken serving. KFC outlets are available. KFC secret recipe of herbs and species. Large market share. Large multi brand in the world KFC is the market leader in providing different products of chicken They are specialized in chickens Existing in the local market for years, therefore , knowing people’s tastes and whims They are ISO ( International Standard Organization) certified WEAKNESSES: Its major weakness is the presence of multinational competitors in the market like Pizza hut. Lack of relationship building with employees customers and suppliers. They only focus higher income level people but in our country most of the people are middle class. Lack knowledge about their customer. Inflexibility of price making. Lack of knowledge about their customer. Weak packaging They has higher overhead costs, as a result of KFC higher prices must charge They are over confident of loyal customer OPPORTUNITIES: They can include new product in their menu. KFC plays an important role in increasing employment in country. KFC gives many facilities for part time jobs. They can open temporary outlets in university. Increased and efficient services specially home delivery and office orders. They can update their restaurant with facilities like play stations, LCDs, children zone and booking the outlets for parties and other customer. They can open more outlets to get maximum market share. They can advertising their product in media. Maximum customer are student so they can sale their product in resalable price. Give more focus on nutrition. Focus on packaging, serving food. THEATS: Day by day change in food habits Diseases like bird flu are the big threat for KFC. Lake of promotional advertising. Less variety of products High rate on prices as compared to the other brands selling same items may cause the customer’s shift, People become health conscious day by day. Changing customer demand. The threats faced by KFC are the entering of many new competitors into the market that maybe local or international brand. Less consciousness about packaging.

Designing Childrens Environments

Children’s playing environments are crucial in helping them to improve their physical strength as well as their intellectual growth. The design of the playing environment is crucial in helping children to learn positive outdoor activities that can help to grow better.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Designing Children’s Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The time that children spend playing outdoors can be made more valuable for their learning about nature and its benefits. There are several features and experiences that make children explore their environments, and the benefits associated with this are many. An appropriate outdoor learning environment for children is supposed to take care of their intellectual and physical abilities, which is the main role it is designed for. A good outdoor environment should have adequate space and objects to play with to enable each individual child to learn and exercise freely. The child gets an opportunity to internalize positive aspects of the environment in which he is in and this is necessary for his or her growth and development (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education 7). The outdoor playing environment must be designed in a way that enhances visual appeal to the children playing in it to make their playing experience enjoyable. An effective design of an outdoor playing environment should allow children to express themselves physically as this enhances practical learning.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The environment must be dynamic to ensure that children are able to explore and act on their instincts as they interact with the objects that are within their surroundings. The independence of every child can be encouraged within such a setting because by means of this trait they are able to act on their curiosity to learn ne w ideas brought about by the outdoor activities they take part in. Children are able to grow their physical and mental capacities within environments where their creativity is allowed to blossom (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education 12). Figure 1. Objects in an outdoor learning and playing environment. Source: Saskatchewan Ministry of Education The outdoor learning environment should be able to encourage stimulating activities, which can excite as well as encourage children to express their inner passions without difficulty. The design of such an environment can consider the use of materials that are naturally appealing, which stimulate children to feel at ease and relaxed when in an outdoor setup.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Designing Children’s Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These materials should have colors, sounds, textures and smells that are naturally attractive to the children an d which stimulate their inner instincts (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education 15). The outdoor experiences of children within such environments can become livelier and exciting. The materials and objects that are used to design the outdoor spaces must be presented in a manner that allows for easy exploration by the children. Figure 2. Objects arranged in a natural environment which invite children to play. Source: Saskatchewan Ministry of Education. The features that are to be used as part of a space design facilitate the movement of the users, which gives them an easier time while playing. These features can be arranged in a manner that includes the perspective of the children in the design and explains how the objects should be used. The spaces can cater for the children’s level of movement and should also have features that support disabled children to make maximum use of that environment. The children can be involved in some aspects of the design to ensure that the final p laying environment is responsive to their needs and wishes (Malone and Tranter 287).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes the children fascinated and it nurtures a sense of curiosity in them as they try to understand how the natural environment works. Outdoor space designs should have the ability to encourage participation, cooperation and interaction between the different sets of children that use them. Children can take advantage of the recreational benefits that exist as well as the activities that are carried out within it, which can offer excitement and evoke curiosity in them. An outdoor environment needs to have spaces where children and their teachers or guardians can mingle (Malone and Tranter 291). Selective isolated spaces should be included in the design to cater for those children who like to play together in small groups. Such spaces encourage the children to foster strong relationships based on the interactions they have with their peers. The outdoor space that is used for learning must incorporate a couple of natural features to enhance the learning approaches that are used i n school. These natural features can include water ponds, trees, bushes and hills. The design should consider how children can utilize these features in a safe manner without being exposed to any hazards (White and Stoecklin 3). The outdoor learning environment can be established within a habitat for birds, animals and other natural species, which the children can interact with to expand their knowledge. It is important to ensure that the learning approach that is adopted within these habitats does not expose the children or the species that exist in that area to danger. The participatory learning approach is important for learners within such environments as it is the best way through which they can learn and interact with their surroundings. The learning approach is unstructured and informal and it is mainly centered on the child’s own intuition regarding what he or she witnesses from the natural environment. The design that is adopted needs to allow for private and tranqui l spaces where children can think, plan and focus on different types of activities (White and Stoecklin 6). The spaces must be able to allow children to display their talents and projects in a manner that encourages criticism from their peers and their guardians or teachers. This enables children to improve their approach to life’s challenges and expectations when they are interacting with their peers or with other members of the society. The atmosphere in which the outdoor learning activity occurs determines the way the children explore their surroundings. Children are attracted by unique smells, textures, colors and sounds that exist within a specific environment; these attributes are proven to arouse their interest a lot. These aspects of the environment help to focus the attention of children toward new experiences that they can encounter within a particular space. School grounds must have materials and equipment that attract children to play and react to their intuitions while exploring their surroundings (Stine 153). The materials used need to have different sounds, aromas, colors, and textures, to stimulate the intuitive aspects of learning in children. The children’s intellectual growth can be adapted to the natural environment easily because they interact with the objects without much limitation. The practice of allowing children to learn through active participation in an outdoor environment offers them the ability to develop mentally and physically. Children are able to discover new ideas and concepts within the environment that they are exposed to, which provides a good way to track their progress. This form of learning is applied to children as it encourages the use of active practical methods, which go well with them. Active participation of children within their surroundings improves their problem solving skills and enables them to be more imaginative in nature (Stine 157). The objects and the features that exist within the natural environment provide the children with the necessary confidence to take on challenging tasks that can boost their development. The involvement of children in the planning of the outdoors spaces in which learning takes place makes them more connected to it. This makes the children understand how the different objects, features and equipment within that space work and the value they add to the learning process. Objects such as gardens, trees and bushes can support the children’s cognitive abilities while lawns, sports facilities and swings can enhance the physical development of children (Danks 107). The objects used within an outdoor learning environment must be able to expand the children’s playing and exploration options to ensure that they explore a variety of activities. Children prefer outdoor settings, which are more complex, challenging and suited to their expectations such as what they seek to achieve out of these activities. A good and inviting natural environm ent encourages children to act spontaneously and to have a connection with their ecological surroundings. Children are able to have a connection with the natural world. Outdoor spaces with diverse features, landscapes and objects increase the level and variety of play and learning experiences for children (Danks 117). This enhances social interaction and fosters positive behavioral development among the children who are exposed to such environments. Consequently, a suitable environment should consist of elements and features that complement the child’s growth and development needs. Works Cited Danks, Sharon Gamson. Asphalt to Ecosystems: Design Ideas for Schoolyard Transformation. Oakland, CA: New Village Press, 2010. Print. Malone, Karen and Paul J. Tranter. â€Å"School as Sites for Learning: Making the Most of Environmental Opportunities.† Environmental Education Research 9.3 (2003): 283-303.Print. Saskatchewan Ministry of Education. Creating Early Learning Environm ents. Saskatchewan Ministry of Education, 2008. Print. Stine, Sharon. Landscapes for Learning: Creating Outdoor Environments for Children and Youth. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1997. Print. White, Randy and Vicki Stoecklin. â€Å"Children Outdoor play Learning Environment: Returning to Nature.† Childhood News Magazine 1998: 1-8. Print. This essay on Designing Children’s Environments was written and submitted by user Alfonso Fletcher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essays

A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essays A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essay A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essay Essay Topic: Marketing Sales promotion has become a ubiquitous element of marketing, and therefore of the customers purchase environment. They offer direct inducements to act by providing extra worth over and above what is built into the product at its normal price. These temporary inducements are offered usually at a time and place where the buying decision is made. It enhances the benefit perception of the product in the eyes of customers. As a result customers purchase more quantity than their immediate requirements. Despite the inbuilt feature of directness, sales promotions are a very complicated and rich tool of marketing with innumerable creative possibilities limited only by the imagination of promotion planners. Sales promotions are often referred to by names of extra purchase-value (EPV) and below the line selling. to purchase a product immediately, either by lowering the price or by adding value. There are institutions like NCH Promotional Services in United States of America and Institute of Sales Promotion in England, which are directly concerned with studies on different issues related to Sales Promotion specially consumer offers. These countries in the west have been especially focusing on this area because they know that it is a significant marketing tool and a big business one that would continue to grow each year. Today sales promotion has become the most cost-effective marketing tool to attract consumer. It is capable of inducing first trials for new launches and breaking loyal customer of competitors brand. Whatever is the objective of a sales promotion offer, they generally show positive results, that too, quite soon. Realising a growing importance of sales promotion in marketing of FMCG, there is a need to understand them in context of each product category, targeting a specific consumer segment, and in a defined market. To enrich the understanding of various issues related to sales promotion, a well-supported research-work should be undertaken on a continuous basis. A central agency or a body solely dedicated for developing this important marketing tool- the sales promotion becomes imperative. Sales Promotion in Toothpaste amounts to lacs of rupees each year, and yet the strategy behind the design of sales promotion scheme is still a mystery. The purpose of this study was to provide insight on the importance of two features while formulating a sales promotion scheme in toothpaste and like category of products Offer itself Mode of Accessibility of the Gift. The study has been conducted in three phases. The first phase consists of literature survey. It helped in defining the concept of sales promotion, the role it plays in consumer buying behaviour. Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short-term, designed to stimulate quicker and/or greater purchases of a particular product by consumers or traders. (Kotler, 1988, p. 45). This and other definitions recognize that sales promotion motivates consumers. Also it was observed that in India nothing substantial has been done as far as this issue is concerned. This was one of the main reasons why this research was undertaken. In the second stage of the study, response of some 350 consumers was taken with the help of a structured questionnaire. The respondents were randomly selected from the exit point of the retail outlets in the city of Lucknow. They were asked to rank the eleven categories of sales promotion schemes on the basis of their attractiveness with respect to FMCG products. These consumers were also asked to comment on at least two most attractive and two least attractive sales promotion offers they had ranked. They were probed to highlight the attributes of those offers and were recorded verbatim. From the analysis of the second stage, two significant findings emerged. First, the two most preferred and attractive sales promotion offers out of a total of eleven categories broadly available in the market with the FMCG product categories. Second, the attributes because of which the offers are considered as more attractive than rest of the offers. Once these findings could be generated from the second stage of the research, these were then used in the third stage of the research. In this stage the researcher on the basis of the experience and findings of the second stage of the research, derived four categories of sales promotion offers that were found to be most attractive by consumers. Here it is important to note that these four categories of offers were formulated by visualizing the features, which were present in the top two offer categories. That is, these four were derivations of the top two offers. Similarly, the attributes, which were most preferred, were selected and these were then translated into the four categories of mode of accessibility of the gift offered in the promotion. It was concluded from stage one that the most important attribute for the consumers in an offer is the method by which the gift attached to the offer is available to the consumer. Therefore, four most probable ways to access the gift along with the offer were derived. A group discussion session was also conducted before arriving at final four modes of accessibility. These four derived offers and the four derived modes, along with the four most commonly used brands used by the consumers and the four different pricing of 150gm pack of toothpaste was used to run conjoint analysis in the second stage. Conjoint analysis was used to obtain individual weights on the willingness to purchase toothpaste with given sales promotion offers and mode of accessibility of the gift attached with the offer and in the available price range. This phase consists of conducting pilot study with consumers, applying conjoint analysis technique (keeping in view the multi-attribute nature of sales promotion schemes), designing orthogonal plan cards, determining the sample size; and lastly collecting the data. The last phase of the study deals with analyzing the data through conjoint analysis subroutine of SPSS package, and then using ANOVA to draw inferences. At last, the Strategic implications of survey findings are discussed. The offer/scheme while formulating any consumer sales promotion is of utmost importance. Next to it in importance is the Mode of accessibility of the gift in the offer, which is almost equal to offer as far as score/weights generated by SPSS is concerned. The price of the toothpaste comes next in importance and the least important is the Brand. Thus, we can conclude that it is not the sales promotion offer, which attracts the consumers; rather it is the WAY / METHOD in which the offer is Communicated and Implemented by the company.

Ethical products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethical products - Case Study Example Slave trade was a trade too; it took a long struggle to fight slave trade which is still yet to be completely eliminated from the word according to the United Nations report. During the last century blacks from Africa were considered to sub human beings in the American society. In the recent there have been reports of industries releasing their waste into the rivers. Reports about nuclear waste dumping in the wrong areas have been rampant in the media especially in the last decade. From 1950s up 1970s the United States federal government was burying nuclear waste plutonium in Idaho. According to National Geographic News April 12, 2002, Snake River aquifer may be leached into by the buried plutonium waste. Snake river which is about 25000 square kilometers provides dirking and irrigation water for large population (Mayell, 2002). The diamond trade in Liberia that later turned out to be called the bloody diamonds because of fueling the civil war in Liberia and Sierra Leone during the last decade. The late Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo - DRC) was a darling of the west because of the resources that were plenty in the Great Lakes region. One component of fair trade is corporate social responsibility also called corporate citizen ship where the interests of the society take the first place by the organization taking responsibility for the impact of activities by the company or organization. on communities , customers, employees or suppliers. One of the biggest companies that has hit headlines on corporate social responsibility is the Microsoft company with the Melinda and Bill Gates foundation. The foundations' global development program has been trying to assist people get out of poverty and hunger by creating opportunities for them in Agriculture, helping small farmers to improve crop production and market access. They have been working with partners to help the poor societies get access to financial services, which are only available to only a few in African societies. While recognizing internet and computers as drivers of economic and social progress, the foundation has assisted with access to these tools and pro fessional skills, search for work, conduct business on-line, access government services and exchange ideas with others (Melinda & Bill Gates Foundation, 2008). Other areas where the banded ethical products are Not geared toward social exclusion but inclusion are the global health program of the Melinda and Bill Gates foundation whose mission is to encourage the development of life saving medical services and help in access the existing vaccines against the common deceases in developing countries. By assisting in research toward the development of drugs against malaria, tuberculoses and HIV amongst others, it shows a sure sign that it is committed to improving the quality of life for the marginalized societies and the grater society as well. It is through the development of the ethical products such as the fair trade that the organizations for preventing the exploitation of the producers for commodities like coffee emerged. A system that allowed people recognize the products that certain standards (labor or environmental) put by an independent body which issues certifications. In the United States it called Fairtrade certification. It sets

Government and Public Sector Trade Unions Essay

Government and Public Sector Trade Unions - Essay Example Allen Flanders (1970) says that the major functions of trade unions are 'Regulation' which is of government role, whose essence lies in rule making. As Flanders (1970) says "Union restrain the exercise of managerial authority in deploying, organizing and disciplining the labour force after it has been hired." Thus trade unions are considered not merely as economic organizations, but also as political institutions directed towards wresting control over managerial authority and moral institutions, which will uplift the weak, and downtrodden and render them the place, the dignity and justice they deserve. Trade unions, everywhere, as organizations undertake a variety of activities termed as economical, political, social psychological, cultural etc. All these activities could be broadly put into three major categories such as collective bargaining or negotiations, industrial action and legal actions. Basically unions are inclined and always emphasize on compensations and try to obtain higher wages from employer, which results in grater share from profits at the expense of organization plays have to employee-employer relationship. This relationship leads to conflict between management & employees as both adopting policies to each other (Gallie et. al. 1998; Kelly; 1998). Unions' voice through effective communication between management and employees and the resolution of employee grievances lead to improved relationship with employers (Freeman & Medoff, 1984). Union effects on employment relations depend on their monopoly and voice role. Future unions' relationship may lie on their emphasis on their voice role (Rubinstein 2001; Wachter 2003). Bargaining arrangements mediate the relationship between unions and perception of employment relations for various reasons. Fernie and Matcalf (1995: 401) agree "the benefits from having a union representation the bulk of the labour force in a work force flow from greater voice and representativesness and less fragmentation of work place employee relations." Analyzing employer perceptions of employment relations in the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (WIRS, 1990), Fernie et al. (1994:17) found "multi unionism contributes to inferior relations between management and labour." If workers are close substitute, employers could use fragmented bargaining arrangements to 'divide and rule' them (Horn and Wolinsky, 1988). If they are highly complementary this eventuality does not arise and separate unions or bargaining arrangements may promote better relations by providing voice arrangements for different groups of workers. Unions may obtain a premium where bargaining coverage in high or multiple unions are present (Forth & Millward, 2002). Management employee relations can be viewed as one dimension in what is usually regarded as the multifaceted concept of 'industrial relations climate'. Now in a broader sense, the organizations controlled and managed by the governments directly or indirectly can be put into the category of public sector. This sector consists of pure government sectors like police, armed forces,

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) - Essay Example It is achieved when a company is able to provide similar benefits as their competitors but at a lesser cost, or deliver benefits that are better than those of the competing products. The two types of competitive advantage therefore are cost advantage, which offers lower cost and differentiation advantage, which offers better benefits. Competitive advantage helps the company gain higher profits and aids it in creating superior or excellent value for its customers. Companies offer products to customers with the aim of continuous and growing patronage and positive feedback directed to possible customers. They aspire to maintain a solid customer base while aiming to increase that number by active marketing and selling of the products. Products may be classified into different kinds. Products may be physical objects or tangible goods, people, services, ideas or concepts, places, organizations and activities. All these material and non-material products are offered by the companies to their existing and prospective customers with the promise that the customers will benefit from their products in greater ways than if they support the competition. In order for the companies to offer the appropriate products to specific customers, they have to first identify the needs and wants of the customers. No two customers are exactly alike in their preferences. Each person differs from another. Focusing on the individual needs and wants of a multitude of customers is not feasible and practical fro companies. The cost will be too much to handle. The strategy used is to segment or group customers into clusters. Members of clusters share common characteristics which may be concluded as leaning towards a support, need or want of specific products. This way companies may determine the approaches they need to apply for specific customer groups or clusters. Aside from the actual selling techniques of companies, marketing strategies propel organizations to higher profits and bigger market share. According to the American Marketing Association, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders" (AMA Adopts New Definition of Marketing). Marketing revolves around the theory that customers use a product or a service because they have a need or a want for it or the product offers a perceived benefit. Thus, determining the actual needs of customers is the very basic strategy for marketing. Markets today are very competitive in that the players more often than not have products of the same quality and similar sales and marketing strategies. This homogenous quality of markets makes it difficult for customers to choose a preferred company and establish loyalty with that company. Since the kinds and qualities of products are similar, prices of goods and services are often at the same level. Same levels of pricing do not give the companies cost advantage, so they resort to gaining differentiation advantage. They gain differentiation advantage by the provision of excellent customer service which translates to customer loyalty and creation of customer value. Customer Relationship Management is a vital element in the provision of

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay Grafting, transplanting or transferring, all are terms that mean replacing a failing vital organ with a healthy functioning one. Human body build up with multi of organs, some of them are vital organs as Brain, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Pancreas and Kidneys with no any of them human cannot live at all. On the other hand, tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Transplantation and organ donation are inseparably intertwined; this dream has inspired scientists during the history to obtain a successful organ transplant between humans and beat the immune system army from fighting the gift of life and improve the quality of the recipient life. Ancient Transplants and Myths In fact, organ replacement was a dream in ancient times. The Hindu deity Ganesha had his head replaced by an elephants head soon after birth (Rig-Veda, 1500 B.C.). In the Christian tradition, Saints Cosmas and Damian (fl. 3rd century A.D.) are famous for replacing the diseased leg of a true believer with the leg of a dark-skinned Moor, thereby becoming the patron saints of physicians and surgeons.  [i]   Many Roman and Chinese myths cite transplants of legs and hearts by saints and medicine men, but the first account of an actual transplant took place in the second century B.C. The Indian surgeon Sushruta transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man. Another recorded account of transplantation took place in the late 16th century, again with skin. Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi also did a skin graft, but his is also the first recorded account of rejection of the transplant by the patient.  [ii]  He recognized it to the force and power of individuality in his 1596 work  De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem. This shows that the idea of using human body as treatment in end stage diseases was flying in the scientific horizon. The failed experiments verses the successful ones have established a solid database for their followers to reach the first successful organ transplantation in the early 1900s. Keratoplastic operation or corneal allograft transplant was performed successfully by Eduard Zirm  in Olomouc, Czech Republic, in 1905.  [iii]  . The most important experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century was the French surgeon Alexis Carrel. He began to experiment with the transplantation of arteries and veins, one of his few successful human procedures. This work would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1912. Carrel also was the first to identify the problem of rejection, a dilemma that would stymie many scientists and doctors. Experimenting on dogs, Carrel learned the recipient body most often rejects donor organ material  [iv]   Nevertheless, who crooked the history on its head was the collaboration between all of Dr. Joseph Murray, Dr. J. Hartwell Harrison and Dr. John Merrill, they have registered the first successful golden standard therapy in the end stage renal disease when they performed the first kidney transplant in 23 Dec 1954 in Brigham Hospital at Boston, The procedure was done between  identical twins  to eliminate any problems of an  immune reaction. For this and later work, Dr. Murray received the  Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990.  [v]   In the late 1940s,  Peter Medawar, working for the  National Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. He has identified the immune reactions in 1951. Medawar suggested that  immunosuppressive drugs  could be used.  Cortisone  had been recently discovered and the more effective  azathioprine  was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of  cyclosporine  in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. Other organ transplantation attempts were not stopped. The journey has continued by James Hardy, when he performed the first successful deceased-donor lung transplant into a  lung cancer  sufferer in June 1963 in  Jackson, Mississippi. Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant during the same year, but was not successful until 1967. The heart was a most important prize for transplant surgeons. However, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the  heart-lung machine  was also needed. Lung pioneer  James Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipients heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart that failed very quickly. In December 3, 1967, the media has published the first successful achievement by  Christian Barnard  in  Cape Town, South Africa.  Louis Washkansky, the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but almost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnards second patient,  Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months. It was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer  Denton Cooley  performed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, multiple organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On March 9, 1981, the first successful  heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patients recovery to cyclosporine-A  [vi]  . Recently, the rate of successful organ transplants has increased rapidly and it has become the standard therapy in all over the world for end stage organ failure diseases. Combining to it the modern immunosuppression, which make transplants more common. However, types of donation have enlarged the pool of organs to cover the critical shortage of organs such as: Living-related donor. Living unrelated donors. Deceased donors. Non-heart beating. Xenotransplantation. Peter K.  Linden (January 2009) simply described this technology explosion as This field has progressed initially from what can accurately be termed a clinical experiment to routine and reliable practice, which has proven to be clinically effective, life-saving and cost-effective  [vii]  . To summaries the Organ Transplantation History, we can list the significant events in this timeline frame: 1954: On December 23, the first successful living-related kidney transplant led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston: A kidney was transplanted from Ronald Herrick into his identical twin, Richard.   1962:  First successful kidney transplant from a deceased donor, led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston.   1963:  First successful lung transplant led by Dr. James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS. 1966:  First successful pancreas/kidney transplant led by Drs. Richard Lillehei and William Kelly at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN. 1967:  First successful liver transplant led by Dr. Thomas Starzl at the University of Colorado in Denver, CO.   1967:  First successful heart transplant led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.   1968:  First successful heart transplant in the United States led by Dr. Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital in Stanford, CA.   1968:  Uniform Anatomical Gift Act establishes the Uniform Donor Card as a legal document for anyone 18 years of age or older to legally donate his or her organs upon death. 1972:  End Stage Renal Disease Act (ESRD) paves way for Medicare Coverage of Renal Dialysis and Kidney Transplants.  Ã‚      1981:  First Successful heart/lung transplant led by Dr. Brice Reitz at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA. 1983:  FDA approves Cyclosporine, the most successful anti-rejection medication developed to date; by 1984, two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. 1983:  First successful single lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1984:  National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) establishes a nationwide computer registry operated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS); authorizes financial support for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs); prohibits buying or selling of organs in the United States. 1986:  Dr. Michael DeBakey performs the worlds first heart transplant in 14 years. (USA) 1986:  First successful double-lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1986:  Required Request Laws require hospitals to develop policies to identify patients as potential donors and approach families about organ donation. 1988:  FDA approves Viaspan, which greatly extends the preservation of donated livers.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989:  First successful small intestine transplant (a near-total small bowel from a deceased donor) into a child, led by Dr. Olivier Goulet in Paris, France. 1989:  First successful living-related liver transplant led by Dr. Christoph Broelsch from Hamburg, Germany, at the University of Chicago Medical Center.  Ã‚      1990:  First successful living-related lung transplant led by Dr. Vaughn Starnes at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. He transplants the lobe of one lung from an adult female into the womans 12-year-old daughter.  Ã‚      1992:  First baboon to human liver transplant performed by Drs. Satoru Todo, Andreas Tzakis and John Fung, under the direction of pioneer transplant surgeon Thomas Starzl, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 1998:  National Conditions of Participation legislation enacted; required hospitals to refer all deaths, and imminent deaths, to the local Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) 1998:  First successful hand transplant led by Australian Dr. Earl Owen and Frenchman Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in a 13-hour long operation in Lyon, France. 2005:  First successful partial face transplant led by Dr. Bernard Devauchelle and Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in Amiens, France.   2008:  Dr. Michael DeBakey, the world-famous cardiovascular surgeon who pioneered such now-common procedures as bypass surgery and invented a host of devices to help heart patients, died on July 11, at   the age of 99. 2010:  The worlds first full-face transplant took place in Spain. The recipient was a man injured in a shooting accident. In July, the recipient who was only identified as Oscar (age 31), spoke with considerable difficulty at a news conference at Barcelonas Vall dHebron hospital, where he was operated on in late March  [viii]  . Advanced Medical Technologies Ethical Dilemma

Comparing and contrasting Silver Blaze and Finger Man Essay

When one thinks of detective fiction stories images of crime, murder, hero detective and villains enter a person’s mind. These images have been constantly changing over years, but they are not very different from when detective stories first began in 1828. The birth of detective stories came about in 1828 with a novel called Memoires supposedly written by Vidocq a chief of France’s detective force known as Surete. In 1841 a number of short stories were composed and collected to form The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allen Poe but it was in 1892 when detective stories finally emerged and become known by the people. It was in 1892 when The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was published in the Strand magazine that detective fiction had become a great success. The years of Sherlock Holmes stories are considered as the ‘Golden Age’ of detective fiction, after this authors began to take different approaches towards detective fiction writing, the writing was most notoriously named ‘Hard Boiled’ detective fiction. Both types of approaches varied in different ways with each other, the ‘Golden Age’ era consisted of stories with closed settings and focused its characters in the middle and upper classes. In the Hard Boiled era the plot would be mentally just as challenging as a story from the Golden Age era, but would unfold and lead to violent twists and turns. In Hard-boiled stories the detective solves the mystery by creating more trouble and being tough but does not return society to order or vindicate the power of reason. It was this new Hard Boiled setting that Raymond Chandler set his stories, and created his hard boiled detective Philip Marlow. Philip Marlow was first introduced in 1921 through a magazine called The Black Mask, which contained his short stories.  Both Silver Blaze and Finger Man are fictional Detective stories, but differ in many different ways from language and dialogue to cultural changes shown between both stories. This is because the stories were written at two different times, Silver Blaze is a pre 20th century piece of text where as Finger Man was created within the 20th century. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle a British author created Silver Blaze which featured one of the most renowned detective characters, Sherlock Holmes. His fictional character became so famous and loved by the public they actually embraced his identity and grew to believe that Sherlock Holmes was a real person and lived at 221b Baker Street. Finger Man was created by an American author called Raymond Chandler and starred a private detective by the name of Philip Marlowe. This fictional character appealed to a wide audience and was in most of Raymond Chandlers stories, eventually Hollywood used these stories and the character Philip Marlowe to create motion pictures.  In Silver Blaze Sherlock Holmes and his partner Dr Watson travel to Devon to uncover the kidnapping of a prize-winning horse. In this detective novel any clue will help towards the case and anybody having some relevance with the horse will be a suspect. In Silver Blaze the plot mainly revolves around a few individuals such as†¦. Whereas in finger man the story includes many characters who each play some small yet important part within the story. In Finger Man we see a tale of false framing on the main character Philip Marlowe who is set up by gangsters. It starts happening when he takes a job for a friend, but his friend dies and Marlowe becomes the prime suspect. When I read both stories there were many differences in character between Sherlock Holmes and Philip Marlowe. Sherlock Holmes is a more thoughtful and clue based detective where as Philip Marlowe relies on tip-offs and violence to resolve a situation. Sherlock Holmes is a methodical detective and relies in his wits to solve a case whereas PM uses his instincts. Within Silver Blaze Sherlock Holmes has a partner called Watson, the story itself is narrated by Watson and told through his view. PM is a one-man army and doesn’t depend on anybody for assistance unless in dire circumstances.  The change in text and dialogue is clearly shown once reading both stories. Pre 20th century text is very descriptive which is used as a feature of Holmes personality. In Finger Man the dialogue is very abrupt and direct, which also constructs an image of the stories setting and the characters persona.

Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay

As the world is cowering in terror from the 9/11 attacks and the bombing incidents in Indonesia and other parts of the world, the world’s attention is shifted now to where the attacks may occur next and what can be done to address the situation. Some suggest that the answer lies in being able to suppress and perhaps eliminate all of the terrorist cells all over the world. The problem there, however, is that any attack that is targeted at eliminating terrorist cells would necessarily involve any host country where they may be located and in any Middle Eastern country, such an attack could prove disastrous (Campbell & Flourney 372). The more practical and ideal solution to this problem therefore lies at a more fundamental level; a more basic level wherein the country has more controls and no international liability (Kochler 37). The solution to this problem is by improving border security in order to prevent the occurrence of these terrorist attacks while the international community seeks for answers to address this problem at a global scale. At this point in time, domestic policies would be the best option in fighting the war against terror. This short discourse will therefore seek to shed light on the issue of terrorism and the crucial role that the border security plays in such. To gain a better understanding of the problem, it is important to first analyze the current trends that have been taken relative to border security to ensure the safety of the public from terrorist attacks. This will then be supplemented by an explanation on how border security can take an even larger role. The most crucial aspect in relation to border security and its role in the war against terror concerns the aviation industry. Since the 9/11 attacks, the public confidence with regard to air travel has greatly been shaken (Taylor 2). The attacks had the effect of sending a message that now, even airplanes could be used as missiles to target buildings regardless of whether there were people on board the aircraft of not. Every plane crash that is reported on the news is suspected to have been caused by a terrorist attack rather than just an equipment malfunction or a pilot error. In response to these attacks, security has been considerably increased in airports all over the world. Every passenger is now subject to a full body search and every hand carried and checked in item is thoroughly inspected for any suspicious objects that can either cause an explosion or aid a hijacker in gaining control over the aircraft (Campbell & Flourney 52). The impact has not been limited to airport security as even airplane manufacturers and airlines have resorted to installing devices and taking precautions with regard to what to do in case an airplane is hijacked. One of the safety measures that have been suggested and is highly debated is the issuing of arms for the pilots so that they may be able to defend themselves against any terrorist hijackers that are able to force themselves into the cockpits (Lott 1). The current controversy with regard to airline security concerns the proposal to equip the pilots of airplanes with weapons in order to protect themselves from any hijackers that manage to enter the cockpit (Taylor 2). This proposal is of course faced with a lot of opposition because of the implications of allowing pilots to be armed in aircrafts. There is a lot of concern with regard to the security of the other passengers on board just in case the armed pilots do decide to turn on the other co-pilots and hijack the aircraft themselves or hold passengers as hostages for whatever purpose. The proponents for arming the pilots argue that it is the best option because the pilots need to defend themselves against the terrorist hijackers (Keeler 151). The problem with this is that it negates the training of the pilots which is that in times such as hijackings they are not supposed to deal with the terrorists but instead secure the cockpit and land the plane as soon as possible (Will 1). The concern here is that the plane should be landed right away in order to protect not only the passengers but also the people on the ground who may become targets or victims as the 9/11 experience has shown. The duty of the pilot is not concern himself with whatever goes on in the cabin but instead make sure that the plane is safely on the ground where there are more units who can deal with the situation properly. Pilots are not adequately trained to deal with hijacking situations in terms of dealing directly with the terrorist hijackers (Will 1). Another argument for the arming of the pilots is that such a measure is only designed to protect the pilots from terrorist hijackers who succeed in gaining entry into the cockpit (3). While there as some merit to this precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the armed pilots will do just that. There are instances when certain people, pilots included, enter a â€Å"cowboys or renegade† mode (Will 1). Most of the pilots have received a degree of military training as fighter pilots and there is some truth to the profiling of fighter pilots â€Å"live wires and risk-takers† (Will 1). The end result in these situations could be that instead of protecting the cockpit and landing the plane like they are supposed to, a number of these former fighter pilots could engage the terrorist hijackers.

a orange essays

a orange essays Just saying the name Agent Orange gets the attention of every Vietnam veteran, and I dare say most of the Australian and American public, not to mention the Vietnamese. It has been argued about, written about, researched and debated, published in magazines and newspapers, talked about on radio and television. It was the subject of documentaries, legal battles, and in Australia a Royal Commission that lasted some two years and cost 3.8 million dollars. Agent Orange was the code name for a herbicide developed for the military, primarily for use in tropical climates. Although the genesis of the product goes back to the 1940s, serious testing for military applications did not begin until the early 1960s. The purpose of the product was to deny an enemy cover and concealment in dense terrain by defoliating trees and shrubbery where the enemy could hide. The product Agent Orange (a code name for the orange band that was used to mark the drums it was stored in) was principally effective agai nst broad-leaf foliage, such as the dense jungle-like terrain found in Southeast Asia. The product was tested in Vietnam in the early 1960s, and was brought into ever widening use during the height of the war in 1967-68, though its use was diminished and eventually discontinued in 1971. Agent Orange was a 50-50 mix of two chemicals, known conventionally as 2,4,D and 2,4,5,T. the combined product was mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by aircraft, vehicle, and hand spraying. An estimated 19 million gallons of Agent Orange were used in South Vietnam during the war. The earliest health concerns about Agent Orange were about the products contamination with TCDD, or dioxin. TCDD is one of a family of dioxins, some found in nature, and are cousins of dibenzofurans and PCBs. Dioxin is formed by burning chlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of dioxin in the environment (95...

The Night essays

The Night essays The Night by Elie Weisel is a non fiction auto-biography. His special qualification for writing this is that he lived through it. He has won the Nobel Peace Prize, and he has written Dawn, The Accident, and The Town Beyond the Wall. He won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in improving the living conditions and promoting the understanding and acceptance of Jews around the world. I am not sure if this is a recent publication or a classic, but it was copyrighted in 1960. The book is organized in chronological order, it starts at the beginning of the war and when he is leaving for the concentration camp, and it ends when he is leaving the camp and is saved. The authors topic is the Holocaust. His main ideas are the events that occurred in his life during that year. He tells the happenings of someone living through the Holocaust as a Jew in a concentration camp. He starts the book by giving a quick overview of his childhood. He tells of the important people in his life, and he says the tips he got about what was to come that he had ignored. His siblings were ...There were four of us children: Hilda, the eldest; then Bea; I was the third, and the only son; the baby of the family was Tzipora... He had not gotten along so well with his father during his childhood. Someone he knew, named Moshe the Beadle, was the first one from his community who got a taste of the war. He came back to tell everyone about it and to warn them, but they ignored him. ... Jews, listen to me. Its all I ask of you. I dont want money or pity. Only listen to me.... he would cry out. Not even Eliezer believed him though. He would listen to be polite, and to give him a chance, but it didnt seem realistic to him. They finally realized their mistake when Eliezers father got the news of deportation. ... I have terrible news, he said at last, Deporta...

Ableism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ableism - Assignment Example Hayman also agrees with Christensen that societal beliefs usually change an individual’s mastery of concepts. For instance, society usually assigns minor roles, if not any, to disable-bodied persons as compared to able-bodied people. Able-bodied people are assigned significant roles in the society including other areas such as a career and sports. For example, Disabled individuals were not allowed to take part in a number of activities and events. For example, the capability and skills of disabled individuals, in sports, has never been fully exploited. In the current Paralympics games, the disabled people are exhibiting a number of potential skills and capabilities. With the introduction of new technologies, these people are capable of participating in games like marathon, steeplechase, basketball, and swimming. It is also notable that these athletes’ performances almost equalize that of able-bodied athletes. This is an indication that ableism is just a traditional notion that despises the competencies and capabilities of disable-bodied people. Therefore, a change is required to ensure that roles and duties are equally distributed depending on an individual’s capabilities and skills. This should also not be done on the basis of an individual’s physical

Is the Death Penalty Just and Applied Fairly Research Paper

Is the Death Penalty Just and Applied Fairly - Research Paper Example The issue of capital punishment, more specifically the death penalty, is a topic that can split the American public as far as their view points to two extreme sides. There are those who are against the death penalty and those who are for the death penalty. The death penalty can be such a polarizing topic that there are 16 states that have abolished the death penalty as opposed to the 34 states as well as the United States government and the military supporting it (Jones, 2002). The death penalty can be defined as the taking of a human’s life for their crimes or imposing the punishment of death for their crimes. A question arises that whether this death penalty is just and applied fairly? The death penalty is just and it is applied fairly and according to a Gallup Poll in May of 2002, 7 in 10 Americans agree. There is a vast majority of the Americans who insist on abolishing the death penalty of the mentally retarded at least. Almost 82% of the American population opposes death penalty for this particular group while the rest support the action. The case of Andrea Yates created this ratio in court. She was found guilty of murdering her five children but was mentally ill herself. Nearly 75% of the people opposed death penalty for her. History tells that America has been fairly constant in its decision for death penalty under the age of 21. This has varied over many years. They have refused to be supportive in this regard. In 1965, when 45% favored the death penalty in general, only 21% were in favor of applying the rule on juveniles. During the colonial era of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, England regarded death as a penalty for crimes such as treason, manslaughter, robbery, rape, murder, counterfeiting, arson, burglary, theft – or any capital crimes of the like. The American colonial past and the present followed the same footsteps. Over the period of time it became illogical to apprehend the same punishment for all these crimes, hence it was deduced that only the gravest of crimes will be awarded with death. However, America followed the tradition of refusing to show any understanding towards the minority which denied any such punishment. It is researched that they did not follow the tradition blindly but due to the institutional structure prevailing in the eighteenth century, the role of capital punishment was broader than it is today. As mentioned above, the notion of death penalty varied from state to state. The northern colonial penal codes were more severe than those in England because of the varying religious origins of the colonies (Banner, 2002). Coincidentally, the era of American colonization coincided with the stiffening of the criminal law prevailing in England. The crimes that seemed minor to most of them such as poaching deer, stealing minor amount of cash and the like, started to be regarded as deathly and consequential. Colonies which had a larger number of slaves tried them and punished them for every little crime they did. As long as slavery was common, the system continued to function with more terror and bitterness. Much was done out of racial differences. Blacks were accused and caught for crimes more frequently. The crimes that were committed by the whites were left unattended in most cases. What was to be done with such kind of inequality? Execultions of the criminals were conducted on the roads for better

Metabolic Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Metabolic Syndrome - Essay Example This complex set of conditions was named as the Clustering Syndrome X. This clustering syndrome later came to be known as the metabolic syndrome (Das 2010). Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome The World Health Organization (WHO) defined the metabolic syndrome as â€Å"a constellation of features that included impaired glucose regulation (includes diabetes mellitus) and/or insulin resistance: the 25% of subjects with the lowest insulin sensitivity (measured directly) (Das 2010).† Metabolic syndrome is basically a set of diseases which enhance the cardiovascular risk. The main characteristics of the metabolic syndrome which have to play a role in the heart diseases are abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure, insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory state and prothrombin rate. All these diseases tend to occur at the same time in the onset of the metabolic syndrome which directly affects the heart of an individual. (Das 2010; Ulrig 2006). Causes of Met abolic Syndrome Obesity, hypertension and diabetes individually have their own adverse effects which can affect the systems of the body. But if these diseased states occur altogether then the person would develop severe complications. Metabolic syndrome has been known as the insulin resistance syndrome because the hormone insulin in these patients is found to be in high quantities. Metabolic syndrome is believed to be caused by different mechanisms which relate to dysfunction of the body. Insulin Resistance is considered to be one of the most important features of the metabolic syndrome. By insulin resistance here it is meant that the body is not able to respond to the normal levels of insulin and this is a primary reason because of which hyperinsulinemia is seen in the patients with metabolic syndrome. It is argued that both hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance play an important role in causing hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and reduced endothelial function which then poses risk to the cardiovascular system(Fan 2007; Das 2010). Leptin resistance is also considered to be a feature of this metabolic syndrome. Leptin resistance results in an increased quantity of leptin in the body. This increased leptin is considered to be a cause of reduced insulin sensitivity in the body. Research has shown that the rate of leptin and glucose disposal rate are inversely proportional to each other (Fan 2007; Ulrig 2006). Obesity is considered to be one of the main causes of the metabolic syndrome. It is related to insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, prothrombin rate, and pro-inflammatory states. Adipose tissue is an active metabolic organ which helps in secreting several substances inside the body. It secretes cytokines, inflammatory mediators, fatty acids, leptin, resistin and adiponectin. It also releases efferent signals which help in maintaining the hormonal systems of the body. Thus adipose tissue is involved in a lot of metabolic process es happening inside the body and maintenance of these metabolic processes is necessary in a normal individual. If the adipose tissue of the body undergoes massive changes as in obesity it can pave a way for the metabolic syndrome. In obesity it is seen that adipose tissue is also deposited on the visceras of the body and this proves to be a major determinant of the metabolic

Summarise the key factors that influence the health of children today Essay Example for Free

Summarise the key factors that influence the health of children today Essay There are plenty of factors that can influence childs development today, its important to be able to try and give your child all the main stuff like food, shelter, warmth etc. for them to develop and grow up correctly. One of the factors is Diet/exercise. Good nutrition and plenty of exercise are the building blocks for strong growth, healthy development and lifelong well-being for children. However many children today dont receive proper meals and the exercise that they need to grow up strong and healthy. Children that don’t receive proper meals (at least 3 meals a day) can be affected physically and mentally, they wont have the energy to do physical activities which then affects their exercise, and wont be able to function properly at school by being too tired because lack of food provides lack of energy for the body to function. Parents that have low income or cant provide for the child to have proper meals can apply or free school meals at school, and sign the child up for breakfast club as well. That way children will get their breakfast, snack, and dinner which should give them enough energy for the day at school. Once children receive the right amount of food and exercise they will be able to feel good about themselves/their bodies and their abilities, they will be able to cope with stress and emotions better, also they will avoid feelings of low self esteem, anxiety and depression. https://www. apa. org/topics/children/healthy-eating. aspx Another factor is genetics which influence the health and development of the child. This is because some illnesses are inherited through genes. For example Downs Syndrome, this has resulted from a chromosomal abnormality. The child can have problems such as heart defects and chest infections. Illnesses such as meningitis can cause epilepsy and hearing problems. These kind of illnesses must run in the family, and its a 50/50 chance that the child will be born with one of the genetic illnesses. http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Genetics/Pages/Facts. aspx Income is a big factor that can influence plenty of children today especially in poor areas of Britain. Parents that find it hard to provide and fulfil the needs of their children limit their development and achievements. Having low income will not only affect the childs eating, dressing and overall well being but also their education. Children that come from low income families, cant afford to go on school trips, buy better school equipment or new school uniform, therefore sometimes this might result in children getting bullied because children with more income will notice the less fortunate and will begin to pick on them. Its important for the teachers to treat all children the same no matter what their income is or if they cant afford certain things. Generally people with a high level of earning enjoy a better lifestyle, with better housing, better food, warm clothes and own transport Meggit C. (2001:9) http://www. jrf. org. uk/publications/does-money-affect-childrens-outcomes UnStable family is another important factor which might influence childrens health and well-being. Children that come from a broken home (their parents have separated or they live with their other family instead of parents) will find it hard to cope at school because they might get bullied for the simple reason that they dont live with both of their parents. For example, if a child isn’t able to live with both of their parents and lives with their grandparents or other family members because of certain reasons, other children at school might be curious and ask questions to why the child doesn’t live with their parents etc. young children don’t realise how cruel or nasty they might sound when they ask questions so without thinking about how the other child might feel, they ask what they want. Broken family can affect the childs emotional development especially at young age if the child used to live with both parents and then all of the sudden theyve separated because they didn’t get on, the child wont be able to understand why this has happened and might become depressed or very emotional. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3171291/ Different countries also affect the way children live and develop especially countries such as Africa or Pakistan where they have different policies that enable access to basic services and rights for children. For example An uneducated teenage mother living in rural areas of Africa where there is no hospital nearby, without clean water, proper meals, shelter or little income will find it difficult to care for her child. The country that children live in can affect them big time, for example in Pakistan the children go to work at very young age so they don’t have time for education which will limit their chances of getting a better job in the future. They have to work long hours for little money that wont even get the food on their table. As well as this, children that live in rural countries are more immune to catch any dangerous diseases from dirty water or animals etc. http://www. unicef. org. uk/ E2. Describe how immunisation programmes aim to prevent disease in children. Immunisation is a way to protect small children against serious diseases. Once children have been immunised, their bodies can fight those diseases if they end up catching them. If a child is not immunised they will be at risk from catching the disease and will rely on other people immunising their children to avoid becoming infected. An immunisation programme protects people against specific diseases by reducing the number of people getting the disease and preventing it from being passes on. With some disease like smallpox or polio its possible to eliminate them completely. Reason for immunisation against disease. As a parent it might be hard to watch your baby get an injection, however vaccination is an important step toward getting your child protected from serious and dangerous diseases. Vaccinations are quick easy and extremely effective. Not every disease can be immunised against, disease such as chicken pox or scarlet fewer are two of many that children cant be immunised against. How are they carried out? Immunisations are usually carried out in childs health clinics. The doctor will discuss any fears the parent might have about particular vaccines. No vaccine is completely risk free, and parents are asked to sign a consent form to give permission for the immunisation. Immunisations are only given if the child is well, and might be postponed if the child has a reaction to any previous immunisations or if the child is taking any medicine that might interfere with their ability to fight infections. Care of children after immunisation. Children should be observed closely after immunisation: -if fever occurs, keep the child cool, offer plenty of fluids and give childrens paracetamol -if the temperature remains high or if there are any other symptoms, such as convulsion call a doctor immediately. Children are usually very sensitive after their vaccines, so its important to keep a very close eye on them all the time to make sure theyre fine and no symptoms occur. http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/vaccinations/Pages/reasons-to-have-your-child-vaccinated. aspx E3. Describe the signs and symptoms of the chosen childhood infectious disease. German Measles. What is it? Rubella, also known as German Measles is an infectious disease caused by the rubella virus. The virus passes from person to person via droplets in the air expelled when infected people cough or sneeze, the virus may also be present in the urine, face and on the skin. The hallmark symptom of rubella are an elevated body temperature and pink rash. German measles are contagious for 2-3 weeks. The disease starts a week before the rash develops and is contagious for a week after the rash has disappeared. Its most contagious while the rash is visible. Its important to keep your child off school for six days from the start of their rash. There is no specific treatment for the rubella infection. The condition is usually mild and improves without treatment. Although paracetamol or ibuprofen can be used to reduce the fever and treat any aches or pains. Liquid infant paracetamol can be used for young children. If the child has a high temperature, its important to keep the child cool by using a damp flannel, also making sure that the child has plenty of fluids to prevent the child from dehydration. Cough medicine can be used to help your child with their cough. If youre a woman and get infected with the rubella when youre pregnant it may lead to complications such as miscarriage or cause the baby to be born with serious birth defects. The birth defect can be cataracts and other eye problems, deafness, heart and lung problems, a less developed brain, low birth weight and inflammation of the brain, lungs, liver and bone marrow. http://www. netdoctor. co. uk/diseases/facts/germanmeasles. htm Meningitis. Meningitis is an infection of the meninges (protective membranes) that surround the brain and spinal cord. The infection causes the meninges to become inflamed (swollen) which in some cases can damage the nerves and brain. There are two types of meningitis: -Bacterial meningitis: which is caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitides or Streptococcus pneumonia and spread through close contact. -Viral meningitis: this is caused by viruses that can be spread through coughing, sneezing and poor hygiene. Viral meningitis is the most common and less serious type of meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is spread by: -sneezing -coughing -kissing -sharing utensils -sharing personal possessions such as a toothbrush. Symptoms. Bacterial meningitis. It has a number of early warning signs that usually occur before the other symptoms, these are: -floppy and unresponsive -cold hands and feet, shivering -pale or blotchy skins with blue lips. The early symptoms os bacterial meningitis are similar to those of many other conditions and include: -staring expressions -fever -vomiting and refusing feeds -unusual crying and becoming irritable (not wanting to be held) As the condition gets worse it may cause: -very sleepy, hard to wake up -seizures -unable to tolerate brightness -red rash Viral meningitis -vomiting -diarrhoea -fever -headaches -photo phobia How is it treated. As in the case of bacterial meningitis, vaccinations programmes have successfully eliminated the threat from many viruses that used to cause viral meningitis. This is the MMR vaccine which provides children with immunity against mumps, once a leading cause of viral meningitis. Viral meningitis usually gets better within couple of weeks, with plenty of rest and pain killers for the headache. Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics. These will be given intravenously (through a vein in arm) Treatment will require trips to the hospital with serve cases treated in an intensive care unit so the bodys vital functions can be supported. Bacterial meningitis can place tremendous strain on the body and the brain. It is estimated that the quoter of people with meningococcal disease (the combination on meningitis and blood poising) will have complications. COMMON CHILDHOOD INFECTIOUS DISEASES ; ILLNESSES. Complied by DCE group B 2013. http://www. meningitis. org/symptoms E4. Explain how the practitioner can respond to the particular needs of a child with the chosen infectious disease. Its important that support given to the child and family is family centred. This means that the childrens parents have a key role in making decisions about the sort of care their child receives, where the care takes place and how they can establish networks of supports. Professionals carers such as doctors, nursers, social workers and early years workers should recognise the needs of the child and the whole family and aim to meet those in an honest, caring and supportive manner. Care plans should be drawn up with the parents involvement, and should take account of the physical, emotional and social needs of the whole family. Whether you are working in a family home as a nanny, in a nursery or in a school, you should be informed of everything that goes on, so you are able to offer appropriate help. You can help by -offering practical and emotional support to the child and their family -developing a strong emotional bond with the child and provide a safe, trusting relationship which will help the child and the parents. There should always be a back up person in case the childs key person is away. -always finding time to listen to the child -observing the child closely and try to see if the child is experiencing any areas of difficulty. -allowing the child to express their feelings. Encourage children to use play as a form of therapy, to realise feelings of tension, frustration and sadness. You could offer activities such as playing with play dough, bubble blowing, water play, small world play and home corner play. -reassure them that they are very much loved by their family and their carers. Children who are ill often regardless and may want to play with toys that they have long since outgrown. They may have short attention span and tire quickly, so toys and materials should be changed frequently. A child with measles shouldn’t be present at the setting for at least 6 days because other children are at risk of catching the disease. On the other hand children that has meningitis should be also kept at home or in hospital for closer care. CACHE Level 3 Child care and Education Diploma written in July 2012. Published by Meggit C. Bruce T. Grenier J. E5 +E6 + C1. Describe one common long term childhood condition and explain the support available in an early years setting for parents and families caring for a child with this condition. Epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition of the nervous system affecting 150,000 children in the UK. Its not a mental illness and cant be caught of another child. A child with epilepsy experiences seizures of fits. A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain, causing a temporary disruption in the normal message passing between brain cells. A type of seizure a child has depends on which area of the brain is affected. Some seizures involve convulsions, or strange and confused behaviour, but others such as absences may be harder to recognise. Treatment. The aim of medical treatment is to control the childs tenancy to have seizures, so that they can get on with their life with as little seizures happening possible. Avoiding the things that disturb seizures and taking anti-epileptic drugs are the main treatment methods. Each anti-epileptic drug is selected to different kind of seizures that the child is experiencing. Even though the drugs help control seizures, there isn’t a cure that gets rid of it completely. Children with epilepsy should be treated as any other child. Epilepsy is not an illness and children should be encouraged to take part in all activities and daily routine, unless otherwise advised by the childs parents or doctor. Teachers and practitioners should be aware of the childs individual needs and what is best for them if they have a seizure, for example, what kind of seizure the child has, what starts it off, how long the seizure normally lasts, if the child needs any rest/sleep after the seizure or if they need to go home, is the child normally confused after the seizure, does the setting have a medical room where the child can recover, and is there a nursery nurse that can help the child in case there’s any additional help needed. The practitioner needs to make sure that all the details of any GPs or doctors the child has are up to date e. g. telephone number, address etc. in case they need to make contact with any other professionals. Also they should take a record of exactly what happened during the seizure, this will help to build up a picture of the childs condition. The parents should be called straight after any seizures, in case they want to come and pick the child up or come over and make sure their child is okay. Epilepsy can affect children in educational way due to children having them in settings. Children usually cant detect when theyre going to have a seizure, so if they have one while playing with another child, the other child might freak out and wont be able to understand whats going on. Practitioner should then explain to the other child what happened and make sure the other child is okay. Guidelines for helping a child who is experiencing a seizure. Do: -protect the child from injury by moving any furniture or other solid objects out of the way during a seizure -make space around the child and keep other children away -loosen the clothing around the childs neck and chest and cushion their head -stay with the child until the recovery is complete -be calmly reassuring Do not: -restrain the child in any way -try to put anything in their mouth -try to move them unless they are in danger -give the child anything to eat or drink until they are fully recovered -attempt to bring them around Call an ambulance if: -if its the childs first seizure and you do not know why it happened -it follows a blow to the head -the child is injured during the seizure -the seizure is continuous and shows no signs of stopping. CACHE Level 3 Child care and Education Diploma written in July 2012. Published by Meggit C. Bruce T. Grenier J. http://www. epilepsysociety. org. uk/about-epilepsy#. Uwnw7Pl_voA E6. The key person that the child has will be able to help a lot, not only emotionally but also physically and verbally. The key person will look after the child in the setting so if the child has a seizure the key person will know what to do. To help and make the childs life a little bit easier the key person should know what triggers the seizures and try and do everything to avoid these things, for example, if flicking lights set off the seizures, the key person would make sure there are no flicking lights in the room that theyre in. As well as the child, the key person is able to speak to their family and give out any verbal support if theyre struggling with their childs condition. If that’s not enough, the key person can transfer the family to health clinics or support groups so the family can get their questions answered if theyve got any, and can make their lives easier to live with this condition. Another source of help available is Epilepsy Society which is a group that helps children and families that suffer from epilepsy. This group helps with getting the right amount of stuff that the families are entitled to such as: free prescription to your epilepsy drugs, financial help towards the travel to your medical appointments and work/setting, welfare benefits and tax credits, also if the child needs any daily equipment the group offers to cover the costs. The entitlements that the child gets depends on how bad their epilepsy is and how they cope with it on the daily basis. http://www. epilepsysociety. org. uk/what-help-available#. Uwi8UPl_voA C1. Its important to work as a team to be able to support the child with a long term illness as well as his/hers family. By working as a team, youre able to share important information with other professionals such as the childs doctor, GPs, counsellor etc. as to how the child is getting on in the setting or at home and how you could improve their development. You need to keep in contact with the childs doctor to let them know if theres any changes that occurred or if the childs development has improved. Sharing information like this will help practitioners as well as the childs family and doctors be able to plan the next steps theyre going to take to help the child in the future. Another advantage to why working as a team is important because youre able to plan in order to help the childs development. For example, if a practitioner spoke to the childs doctor and the doctor advised them to make sure the child receives enough physical movement, the practitioner could plan an activity that will involve some physical movement and also can ask for advice from other team members about their chosen activity. This will help the childs development and how they get on in the setting. Holistic approach is important as well, if the practitioner is able to observe the child and identify what the child needs or what would help them get on in the setting easier, they can consider different approaches. For example, instead of using the same resources that they would normally use while carrying out a certain activity, the practitioner could see what other resources they can gather and use something new instead of the old things that the child can get bored of easily. Holistic approach means looking at the childs full development, their emotional, physical, verbal, mind etc. and being able to work on developing these aspects to help the child progress further. E7 +B1 Children aged 4 wont like to be separated from their parents or carers while going to the hospital thats why its important for the practitioners to prepare children before they go and make sure you know how they feel. One of the games the practitioner could carry out is a simple game like snap,uno, or happy families. This game is a good way for the practitioner to talk to the child and find out how they feel about the current situation. Once the child opens up about their feelings, the practitioner can reassure them and explain what will happen. Its important to reassure the children because of the fact that theyre only young they wont understand whats going on, and will only get the negative point of view. Another game that can be helpful is Jigsaw puzzles, the child can start with simple puzzles and progress to more challenging ones, perhaps with family help. Its important that not only the practitioner but also the family is able to prepare the child before they go into the hospital. The child will be more open and will trust the family more, so its important that the family is involved. As well as this, the family can be more reassuring and calming so the child doesn’t feel under pressure, or isn’t scared about whats going to happen. Its important that the child knows where they going and why. http://boardgamegeek. com/geeklist/17609/definitive-list-of-games-suitable-for-kids-4-years D1. Explain why it is important to identify and respond appropriatly when children are unwell. Its important to identify and respond to children when theyre unwell simply to show that you care. Children don’t understand what we do and why we do it, theyre too young to understand, but if as a practitioner youre able to gain their trust by showing that you care about them and giving them enough attention so they feel comfortable around you then youre able to progress and get on with the child easier. Its easy to identify if a child is unwell, every child is different therefore they will show their signs and symptoms differently, however you should know the child and how they normally would act and behave around the placement, so when theyre unwell youll be able to notice that something is wrong. For example, if there’s a child in the setting that normally is very bubbly and happy, and one day they come in and act out of character by sitting on their own, or not playing with toys etc. the practitioner is able to identify that theres something wrong so they could go and talk to them and find out what’s wrong. If the child is seriously ill its the childs right to get looked after properly, the practitioner should ask other professionals if theres certain things they should do. For example if a child is very sleepy and theyre not normally like this, the practitioner could ask other staff members if there’s anything in particular that they should do like put the child to sleep for a while or ring their parents to come pick them up etc.