Preparation of Identification by Ir and Nmr Spectroscopy Essay Example for Free

Preparation of Identification by Ir and Nmr Spectroscopy Essay The reactive acid chloride can then be treated with a primary or secondary amine to give the amide along with HCl, which reacts with the excess amine to give an alkylammonium chloride salt. The mechanism of this process is shown on the following page in Scheme 22: [pic] Scheme 2 To carry out this reaction, the apparatus shown in Figure 1 will be assembled. The apparatus must be dry, since thionyl chloride will react with water to give sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride. The acid chloride will then be cooled to room temperature and dissolved in anhydrous ether. Ice-cold diethylamine will be added as a solution in anhydrous ether to form the amide. The resulting ether mixture will washed with aqueous sodium hydroxide (to remove any excess acid chloride), then washed with hydrochloric acid (to remove any excess diethylamine). The resulting ether solution of DEET will be dried and evaporated to yield the crude product, which will then be purified by column chromatography to afford pure DEET. The percent yield from m-toluic acid will be determined and the product will be analyzed by transmission infrared spectroscopy (IR) as a neat sample using NaCl plates5 to confirm its structure by (1) looking at the major absorptions and comparing them to a correlation table6 and (2) by comparing the spectrum to that of an authentic sample. Thionyl chloride is toxic and corrosive! Do not breath the vapors! Use in a hood! When heating a reaction apparatus, be sure that it is open to the air so that pressure build up and subsequent rupture of the apparatus does not occur. When heating liquids, make sure the liquid is stirred (or a boiling chip is added) to prevent â€Å"bumping†. When performing an extraction, make sure to vent the separatory funnel often to prevent pressure build-up. The apparatus shown in Figure 1 was assembled. The 10-mL reaction flask was charged with 0. 275 g of m-toluic acid (0. 0020 mol) and 0. 30 mL of thionyl chloride (0. 492 g, 0. 0041 mol). The condenser water was started, and the mixture was gently heated with stirring on an aluminum block (block temp ~ 90 oC) until boiling started. The reaction mixture was then gently boiled for about 15 minutes. After the boiling period was finished, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. 4. 0 mL of anhydrous ether were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until a homogeneous mixture was obtained. To this solution was added (dropwise over a 15 minute period) a solution of 0. 6 mL of cold (0 oC) diethylamine (0. 462 g, 0. 0063 mol) in 1. 33 mL of anhydrous ether. During the addition, a thick white cloud of diethylamine hydrochloride was formed. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 10 minutes. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL) was then added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 15 minutes at room temperature, then poured into a separatory funnel and allowed to separate. The aqueous layer was discarded, and the organic layer was washed with an additional portion of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 mL), followed by a portion of 10% hydrochloric acid (2 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to yield crude N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as dark brown liquid. The crude product was filtered through a short alumina column using hexane as the eluent (~ 5 mL). The hexane solution was evaporated to give 0. 340 g of pure N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide as a yellow liquid. Reaction of m-toluic acid with thionyl chloride, followed by diethylamine produced 0. 340 g of a yellow liquid the IR spectrum of which unequivocally showed the presence of the amide carbonyl functional group at 1633 cm-1. In addition, absorptions due to aliphatic C-H (2980 – 2880 cm-1), and aromatic C=C (at 1585 cm-1). The IR spectrum is attached to this report. These data are consistent with the structure of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), shown in Figure 2 below: [pic] Figure 2: N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) In addition, the IR of the product closely corresponds with that of an authentic sample of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) shown in the lab text. 9 Also, the 1H-NMR shows the presence of four (4) aromatic protons in the region 7. 3 – 7. 1 ppm, as well as a three (3) proton singlet at 2. 35 ppm, which corresponds to the benzylic methyl group. The presence of two ethyl groups is clearly shown by the presence of two quartets which integrate to 2 protons each at 3. 53 and 3. 24 ppm, and two triplets which integrate to 3 protons each at 1. 23 and 1. 09 ppm.

My Brother Sam Is Dead :: essays research papers

In the novel, My Brother Sam is Dead, the author demonstrates the effects of war on families, on towns, and even on the children. The author makes it clear that war tears up families more than anything else. As a result of families getting ruined, it affects the children of the family, in this case, by making Tim grow up in a short amount of time. War affects towns, too. Soldiers, some from both sides, raid houses and kill people therefore splitting up towns and communities. War has many bad effects, just like Tim’s father said: â€Å"In war the dead pay the debts of the living.†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  War affects families more than anything else. An example of this is when Tim’s mother drinks rum a lot when she finds out that her husband and son are dead or are going to get killed. Once she starts to drink, she does not care about Tim or Sam. So in this case, war caused her to drink and it killed half of her family, both of which ruined the Meeker family. One of war’s worst by-products is ruining families. Even though war affects families the most, there are still other bad effects on children and on towns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second bad by-product of war is the effect on children. First, war sometimes kills children’s parents or older siblings, throwing their responsibility on to the younger children’s shoulders. The children will never have a normal life of playing with others because they are too busy taking care of things. In the novel, MBSID, Tim had to grow up fast. The reason for this is that his father got killed and his brother, Sam, got killed. So Tim had to do all of the man work around the tavern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is one last main effect from war. It is the effect on towns and communities. It ruins towns and communities by ruining families and children. You can think of it as a link chain: the families and children are the links of the chain, and the town is the whole chain. If one family gets ruined, the link is gone, making it an incomplete chain or town.

Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud: Early Influences Essay

Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud – two of the best known names in psychiatry – each had tremendous roles in the field of psychoanalysis. Born nearly twenty years apart, they met in 1907 (Kendra Cherry ), and their first conversation was rumored to have lasted thirteen hours, they had such a good rapport. Jung soon worked under Sigmund Freud and they became great friends, although Freud was more of a father figure to Jung. Although they both had similar thoughts on issue of psyche development, they differed in significant ways, and those differences eventually drove them apart. Although Jung did believe, like Freud, that sexual drive often had a great influence on behavior, he felt that Freud did not go far enough, and that this was only one contributor to people’s personalities and issues. Jung’s theories reflected a much more religious component, and Sigmund Freud’s theories were based in scientific evidence. The obvious question might be, how did their own lives and early experience shaped their theories? Sigmund Freud was born in May 6, 1856, in what is now the Czech Republic. His family was large, wealthy and Jewish, and â€Å"young Siggie,† as his mother called him, was not only the oldest of six children but had two half brothers from his father’s first marriage. Although initially religious, spirituality took a back seat when his family went bankrupt and moved to Vienna. It then became important to encourage Sigmund academically, so he could become a doctor and help the family financially. Because of this, he was the only sibling to have his own room to concentrate on his studies, which may have fed his feeling of importance. Also, in those Victorian times, people suppressed their sexual drives, and perhaps this was a major motivator for Freud. He was influenced by science; Darwin’s, â€Å"The Origin of the Species,† was first published just after Freud was born. Science was Freud’s religion. Freud was actually an atheist as an adult (WGBH Educational Foundation , 2004). His belief was that religion was something that someone had to overcome and religion basically was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress ( Kendra Cherry). He pursued the link between the physical and psychological, and his father’s death in 1896 caused him to delve even deeper into the world of dreams and the unconscious. He definitely believed in the role of repressed sexual attraction in parental relationships and later, adult relationships as causing many of the problems people faced. Jung, who agreed that sexual drive was a factor, also thought Freud was very negative. Jung was born in 1975 in Switzerland. He was the fourth – and only surviving – child of his parents, Paul, a pastor (Carl Jung Biography, 2012), and Emilie, his mother. His father was a fairly poor, although his was given a more prestigious parish later on. His mother was from a wealthy family. Young Carl soon learned to trust his father more for his consistency, as his mother suffered from depression and spent much time alone in her room, claiming spirits visited her there. At one point in Carl’s life, she was hospitalized, and he was sent to live with his spinster aunt. Carl Jung grew up solitary and alone with his thoughts: he was an introvert. When Jung was growing up, he had a fascination with mystical phenomena. In fact, although his family was Christian, he was more drawn towards the occult and mystical beliefs, and his mother read to him about exotic religions and shared her own mystical beliefs. He had some early experiences, such as his creation of the wooden mannequin he hid in the attic, that reinforced his idea that a â€Å"collective unconscious† of ancestral, spiritual origins played a huge role in people’s lives. He combined medicine with philosophy in many ways, and experienced strange phenomena early on that later became important contributors to his theories of the unconscious and the role of spirituality in psychological development. Unlike Freud, Jung felt religious belief was necessary to development. Perhaps his role as a Swiss doctor during WWI, and seeing the carnage, reinforced his belief in the necessity of spirituality in a person’s life. Jung, with his lesser emphasis on sex drive and his religious bent, might be something of a prude in his personal life, but he was not. Married with five children, he actually had a rather open marriage, with many sexual relationships. By this time, however, Jung had had a falling out with Freud, whom he ironically accused of being too obsessed with sexuality alone. In the end, the break may have been when Jung published his book about transformative symbols, which included mythical symbols. Freud, of course, thought this was nonsense. Jung’s belief in individuation, which was the spiritual journey to bring the â€Å"two sides† of a person’s psyche together, rejected Freud’s belief that there was a clear, scientific reason, rooted in physiology, for everything. It is easy to see, in looking at both m en’s lives and childhoods, how their very different experiences shaped their theories. Freud and Jung, themselves, are good examples of what, in fact, influences a person’s personality. Bibliography Kendra Cherry. (n. d. ). Freud & Religion . Retrieved from About: http://psychology. about. com/od/sigmundfreud/p/freud_religion. htm Carl Jung Biography. (2012, Nov 12). Retrieved from Soul Therapy Now: http://soultherapynow. com/articles/carl-jung. html Kendra Cherry . (n. d. ). Sigmund Freud Photobiography. Retrieved from About : http://psychology. about. com/od/sigmundfreud/ig/Sigmund-Freud-Photobiography/Freud-and-Jung. htm WGBH Educational Foundation . (2004). The Life of Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from PBS: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/questionofgod/twolives/freudbio. html.

Problems of Police in Bangladesh - 4518 Words

Introduction Police, agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. It is one of the important agencies within the State territory to maintain peace and security and uphold the internal sovereignty. It is also an important branch of criminal justice with other organs such as courts, prisons, corrections etc. The basic police mission—preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws—was the same in ancient societies as it is in sophisticated urban environments. Crime Detection, discovery, identification, and analysis of criminal evidence are also means of law enforcement. The responsibility of law enforcement agencies is to detect crimes, apprehend the†¦show more content†¦Presently 12 battalions of RAB are working throughout the country. Compare to the police RAB members are well trained well paid and well equipped. Despite wide public acceptance their involvement in extra-judicial killings popu larly known as cross fire has generated wide controversy among the politicians, members of civil society groups and human rights activists at home and abroad. The U.S.A. based human rights watch report that over the past four years RAB members have killed more than 540 people as of June 2008. The use of police officer as prosecutor is one of the important feature of our police functions under S. 492-495 of Code Of Criminal Procedure. The government assigns police to conduct the prosecution in the Magistrate Courts. They deal with about %70 of all cases in the country. Usually a police officer at the rank of sub-inspector deals with the prosecution of cases before the court. The officers do not have any law degree or adequate training in prosecution interviews. Police officers suggest that since police investigations the cases so they can plead the cases better than the regular prosecutor to prove charges against the accused. The most common preliminary step in seeking justice in Bangladesh is to lodge a complaint with a police station or magistrate court within the jurisdiction where the offence allegedly occurred. Complaint lodged with policeShow MoreRelatedBureaucracy Of Bangladesh : An Important Part Of The Government Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain all varieties of social problems.†(Peters,1981:56) Bureaucracy is an important part of the government. It helps to function all the work of the government quickly andmore effectively. Moreover it also helps to increase the public value in the Public sector. Bureaucracy in Bangladesh: Bangladesh a country which gained independence in 1971, as a result of a great war in which millions of people gave away their lives. Since then the bureaucratic system in Bangladesh is gradually changing. In termsRead MoreTraffic Jam in Bangladesh1544 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Traffic jam? A traffic jam is a long line of vehicles that cannot move forward because there is too much traffic, or because the road is blocked by something. The major factor behind traffic Jam in Bangladesh: There are many reasons behind traffic jam in Bangladesh. Among them some major factors are as follows: âž ¢ Undisciplined traffic signal in the road. âž ¢ Indiscipline among the road user. âž ¢ Might is right, everybody are free to park their vehicle on Road. âž ¢ No knowledgeRead MoreNon Governmental Organizations Today in Bangladesh1104 Words   |  4 PagesThe Government view is NGO s are really important for country like Bangladesh, they can have the role to overcome gaps in delivering and reaching poor people when they require services in natural and economical problems. The services provide by NGOs create competition among governmental organizations NGO programs addressing poverty, bringing into sharper focus issues such as cost-effectiveness, transparency and accountability of the use of public funds. A well known NGO Rural Employment SupportRead MoreApril 1971 Colonel M.A.G Osmani was selected as Commander of Bengali armed forces. Organized1100 Words   |  5 PagesApril 1971 Colonel M.A.G Osmani was selected as Commander of Bengali armed forces. Organized resistance began. Mukti Bahini (freedom Fighter forces) became increasingly active. July 1971, Bangladesh forces command was set up. The Awami League then set up their own plans for a new constitution to achieve an independent for their state. As a result, the plan did not turned well as expected. The Pakistani army took control and Mujib was arrested in March 1971 after a violent results. As result fromRead MoreAdministrative Corruption Is Now A Buzzword For The Current Era Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesa nation’s growth. It makes a public or, private organisation untrustworthy and increase nullification negligence and in society. Corruption has been the problem belonging ever since from the human civilisation.Corruption is not a new phenomenon Bangladesh. It got heavily engaged with the administrative and socio ­political system of Bangladesh. The word Corruption came from the Latin word Rum ­pere which means breaking.†According to the words expression corruption occurs when something (rules,ethicsRead MoreThe Conflict Of Bangladesh And India Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 1, 2015. Bangladesh and India officially exchanged 162 enclaves to finish a centuries-old territorial violation and fulfill a process of land and population exchange which began in the 1950s.An enclave is a fragmented territory of one state which is locates the territory of another state .The enclaves of Bangladesh and India are situated deep inside their respective countries turning out a strong incidence on their administration. On the other hand, the sovereign country has no real controlRead MorePolitical Instability And The Decision Making Process Of Foreign Direct Investment Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pagesdirect investment. A country with high political unrest or instability has more risk and uncertainty, making it less attractiv e for investment. The fast growing potential economy of Bangladesh has repeatedly faced significant political challenges over the last few years. Relations between the two major parties in Bangladesh are poor and the political system remains confrontational and highly centralized. Political unrest sparked by events including an ongoing war crimes trial and execution of oppositionRead MoreThe Cause And Effects Of Mass Hysteria And Its Causes767 Words   |  4 PagesGuatemala in 1994 because of American and Canadian tourist allegedly snatching children. A woman named June Weinstock was taking a picture of some of the Guatemalan children when she was attacked by a mob of tourist, and was barely saved by the police from death (Scalan 36+). This incident was only a fraction of the violent things done to tourists due to the countrys mass hysteria. According to the Guatemalans, They cant have their own, so they take ours (Scalan 36+). The people believed thatRead MoreLooking Deeper Into Illegal Intrusion In India And Border Killing Case Study1609 Words   |  7 Pagesone-dimensional because it seems from the newspaper articles. One of the important reasons of touring India, in particular for ladies is to paintings in India as housemaids. This purpose has never been covered in the traditional literatures about Bangladesh-India border. The participants have also have replied definitely in announcing that they went to India for smuggling â€Å"saris† (a sort of Bangladeshi apparel) or labored for smuggling livestock. This end result has also confirmed that there are indeedRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Mill Factory Collapsed Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesfactory levels were open. Garment workers who remained outside the factory who were scared to enter the building were told if they didn’t enter the building they would be fired and that they wouldn’t be able to get work anywhere else (McClearn, 2013). Police officials arrived at the factory and told those who were not compliant to enter the building. The building, which was only designed to be 5 floors high and originally intended as a retail center had three floors added illegally and was not structurally