Designing Childrens Environments

Children’s playing environments are crucial in helping them to improve their physical strength as well as their intellectual growth. The design of the playing environment is crucial in helping children to learn positive outdoor activities that can help to grow better.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Designing Children’s Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The time that children spend playing outdoors can be made more valuable for their learning about nature and its benefits. There are several features and experiences that make children explore their environments, and the benefits associated with this are many. An appropriate outdoor learning environment for children is supposed to take care of their intellectual and physical abilities, which is the main role it is designed for. A good outdoor environment should have adequate space and objects to play with to enable each individual child to learn and exercise freely. The child gets an opportunity to internalize positive aspects of the environment in which he is in and this is necessary for his or her growth and development (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education 7). The outdoor playing environment must be designed in a way that enhances visual appeal to the children playing in it to make their playing experience enjoyable. An effective design of an outdoor playing environment should allow children to express themselves physically as this enhances practical learning.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The environment must be dynamic to ensure that children are able to explore and act on their instincts as they interact with the objects that are within their surroundings. The independence of every child can be encouraged within such a setting because by means of this trait they are able to act on their curiosity to learn ne w ideas brought about by the outdoor activities they take part in. Children are able to grow their physical and mental capacities within environments where their creativity is allowed to blossom (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education 12). Figure 1. Objects in an outdoor learning and playing environment. Source: Saskatchewan Ministry of Education The outdoor learning environment should be able to encourage stimulating activities, which can excite as well as encourage children to express their inner passions without difficulty. The design of such an environment can consider the use of materials that are naturally appealing, which stimulate children to feel at ease and relaxed when in an outdoor setup.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Designing Children’s Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These materials should have colors, sounds, textures and smells that are naturally attractive to the children an d which stimulate their inner instincts (Saskatchewan Ministry of Education 15). The outdoor experiences of children within such environments can become livelier and exciting. The materials and objects that are used to design the outdoor spaces must be presented in a manner that allows for easy exploration by the children. Figure 2. Objects arranged in a natural environment which invite children to play. Source: Saskatchewan Ministry of Education. The features that are to be used as part of a space design facilitate the movement of the users, which gives them an easier time while playing. These features can be arranged in a manner that includes the perspective of the children in the design and explains how the objects should be used. The spaces can cater for the children’s level of movement and should also have features that support disabled children to make maximum use of that environment. The children can be involved in some aspects of the design to ensure that the final p laying environment is responsive to their needs and wishes (Malone and Tranter 287).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes the children fascinated and it nurtures a sense of curiosity in them as they try to understand how the natural environment works. Outdoor space designs should have the ability to encourage participation, cooperation and interaction between the different sets of children that use them. Children can take advantage of the recreational benefits that exist as well as the activities that are carried out within it, which can offer excitement and evoke curiosity in them. An outdoor environment needs to have spaces where children and their teachers or guardians can mingle (Malone and Tranter 291). Selective isolated spaces should be included in the design to cater for those children who like to play together in small groups. Such spaces encourage the children to foster strong relationships based on the interactions they have with their peers. The outdoor space that is used for learning must incorporate a couple of natural features to enhance the learning approaches that are used i n school. These natural features can include water ponds, trees, bushes and hills. The design should consider how children can utilize these features in a safe manner without being exposed to any hazards (White and Stoecklin 3). The outdoor learning environment can be established within a habitat for birds, animals and other natural species, which the children can interact with to expand their knowledge. It is important to ensure that the learning approach that is adopted within these habitats does not expose the children or the species that exist in that area to danger. The participatory learning approach is important for learners within such environments as it is the best way through which they can learn and interact with their surroundings. The learning approach is unstructured and informal and it is mainly centered on the child’s own intuition regarding what he or she witnesses from the natural environment. The design that is adopted needs to allow for private and tranqui l spaces where children can think, plan and focus on different types of activities (White and Stoecklin 6). The spaces must be able to allow children to display their talents and projects in a manner that encourages criticism from their peers and their guardians or teachers. This enables children to improve their approach to life’s challenges and expectations when they are interacting with their peers or with other members of the society. The atmosphere in which the outdoor learning activity occurs determines the way the children explore their surroundings. Children are attracted by unique smells, textures, colors and sounds that exist within a specific environment; these attributes are proven to arouse their interest a lot. These aspects of the environment help to focus the attention of children toward new experiences that they can encounter within a particular space. School grounds must have materials and equipment that attract children to play and react to their intuitions while exploring their surroundings (Stine 153). The materials used need to have different sounds, aromas, colors, and textures, to stimulate the intuitive aspects of learning in children. The children’s intellectual growth can be adapted to the natural environment easily because they interact with the objects without much limitation. The practice of allowing children to learn through active participation in an outdoor environment offers them the ability to develop mentally and physically. Children are able to discover new ideas and concepts within the environment that they are exposed to, which provides a good way to track their progress. This form of learning is applied to children as it encourages the use of active practical methods, which go well with them. Active participation of children within their surroundings improves their problem solving skills and enables them to be more imaginative in nature (Stine 157). The objects and the features that exist within the natural environment provide the children with the necessary confidence to take on challenging tasks that can boost their development. The involvement of children in the planning of the outdoors spaces in which learning takes place makes them more connected to it. This makes the children understand how the different objects, features and equipment within that space work and the value they add to the learning process. Objects such as gardens, trees and bushes can support the children’s cognitive abilities while lawns, sports facilities and swings can enhance the physical development of children (Danks 107). The objects used within an outdoor learning environment must be able to expand the children’s playing and exploration options to ensure that they explore a variety of activities. Children prefer outdoor settings, which are more complex, challenging and suited to their expectations such as what they seek to achieve out of these activities. A good and inviting natural environm ent encourages children to act spontaneously and to have a connection with their ecological surroundings. Children are able to have a connection with the natural world. Outdoor spaces with diverse features, landscapes and objects increase the level and variety of play and learning experiences for children (Danks 117). This enhances social interaction and fosters positive behavioral development among the children who are exposed to such environments. Consequently, a suitable environment should consist of elements and features that complement the child’s growth and development needs. Works Cited Danks, Sharon Gamson. Asphalt to Ecosystems: Design Ideas for Schoolyard Transformation. Oakland, CA: New Village Press, 2010. Print. Malone, Karen and Paul J. Tranter. â€Å"School as Sites for Learning: Making the Most of Environmental Opportunities.† Environmental Education Research 9.3 (2003): 283-303.Print. Saskatchewan Ministry of Education. Creating Early Learning Environm ents. Saskatchewan Ministry of Education, 2008. Print. Stine, Sharon. Landscapes for Learning: Creating Outdoor Environments for Children and Youth. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1997. Print. White, Randy and Vicki Stoecklin. â€Å"Children Outdoor play Learning Environment: Returning to Nature.† Childhood News Magazine 1998: 1-8. Print. This essay on Designing Children’s Environments was written and submitted by user Alfonso Fletcher to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essays

A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essays A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essay A Comparative Study of four Toothpaste Brands to develop Strategy for Consumer Sales Promotion Essay Essay Topic: Marketing Sales promotion has become a ubiquitous element of marketing, and therefore of the customers purchase environment. They offer direct inducements to act by providing extra worth over and above what is built into the product at its normal price. These temporary inducements are offered usually at a time and place where the buying decision is made. It enhances the benefit perception of the product in the eyes of customers. As a result customers purchase more quantity than their immediate requirements. Despite the inbuilt feature of directness, sales promotions are a very complicated and rich tool of marketing with innumerable creative possibilities limited only by the imagination of promotion planners. Sales promotions are often referred to by names of extra purchase-value (EPV) and below the line selling. to purchase a product immediately, either by lowering the price or by adding value. There are institutions like NCH Promotional Services in United States of America and Institute of Sales Promotion in England, which are directly concerned with studies on different issues related to Sales Promotion specially consumer offers. These countries in the west have been especially focusing on this area because they know that it is a significant marketing tool and a big business one that would continue to grow each year. Today sales promotion has become the most cost-effective marketing tool to attract consumer. It is capable of inducing first trials for new launches and breaking loyal customer of competitors brand. Whatever is the objective of a sales promotion offer, they generally show positive results, that too, quite soon. Realising a growing importance of sales promotion in marketing of FMCG, there is a need to understand them in context of each product category, targeting a specific consumer segment, and in a defined market. To enrich the understanding of various issues related to sales promotion, a well-supported research-work should be undertaken on a continuous basis. A central agency or a body solely dedicated for developing this important marketing tool- the sales promotion becomes imperative. Sales Promotion in Toothpaste amounts to lacs of rupees each year, and yet the strategy behind the design of sales promotion scheme is still a mystery. The purpose of this study was to provide insight on the importance of two features while formulating a sales promotion scheme in toothpaste and like category of products Offer itself Mode of Accessibility of the Gift. The study has been conducted in three phases. The first phase consists of literature survey. It helped in defining the concept of sales promotion, the role it plays in consumer buying behaviour. Sales promotion consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short-term, designed to stimulate quicker and/or greater purchases of a particular product by consumers or traders. (Kotler, 1988, p. 45). This and other definitions recognize that sales promotion motivates consumers. Also it was observed that in India nothing substantial has been done as far as this issue is concerned. This was one of the main reasons why this research was undertaken. In the second stage of the study, response of some 350 consumers was taken with the help of a structured questionnaire. The respondents were randomly selected from the exit point of the retail outlets in the city of Lucknow. They were asked to rank the eleven categories of sales promotion schemes on the basis of their attractiveness with respect to FMCG products. These consumers were also asked to comment on at least two most attractive and two least attractive sales promotion offers they had ranked. They were probed to highlight the attributes of those offers and were recorded verbatim. From the analysis of the second stage, two significant findings emerged. First, the two most preferred and attractive sales promotion offers out of a total of eleven categories broadly available in the market with the FMCG product categories. Second, the attributes because of which the offers are considered as more attractive than rest of the offers. Once these findings could be generated from the second stage of the research, these were then used in the third stage of the research. In this stage the researcher on the basis of the experience and findings of the second stage of the research, derived four categories of sales promotion offers that were found to be most attractive by consumers. Here it is important to note that these four categories of offers were formulated by visualizing the features, which were present in the top two offer categories. That is, these four were derivations of the top two offers. Similarly, the attributes, which were most preferred, were selected and these were then translated into the four categories of mode of accessibility of the gift offered in the promotion. It was concluded from stage one that the most important attribute for the consumers in an offer is the method by which the gift attached to the offer is available to the consumer. Therefore, four most probable ways to access the gift along with the offer were derived. A group discussion session was also conducted before arriving at final four modes of accessibility. These four derived offers and the four derived modes, along with the four most commonly used brands used by the consumers and the four different pricing of 150gm pack of toothpaste was used to run conjoint analysis in the second stage. Conjoint analysis was used to obtain individual weights on the willingness to purchase toothpaste with given sales promotion offers and mode of accessibility of the gift attached with the offer and in the available price range. This phase consists of conducting pilot study with consumers, applying conjoint analysis technique (keeping in view the multi-attribute nature of sales promotion schemes), designing orthogonal plan cards, determining the sample size; and lastly collecting the data. The last phase of the study deals with analyzing the data through conjoint analysis subroutine of SPSS package, and then using ANOVA to draw inferences. At last, the Strategic implications of survey findings are discussed. The offer/scheme while formulating any consumer sales promotion is of utmost importance. Next to it in importance is the Mode of accessibility of the gift in the offer, which is almost equal to offer as far as score/weights generated by SPSS is concerned. The price of the toothpaste comes next in importance and the least important is the Brand. Thus, we can conclude that it is not the sales promotion offer, which attracts the consumers; rather it is the WAY / METHOD in which the offer is Communicated and Implemented by the company.

Ethical products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethical products - Case Study Example Slave trade was a trade too; it took a long struggle to fight slave trade which is still yet to be completely eliminated from the word according to the United Nations report. During the last century blacks from Africa were considered to sub human beings in the American society. In the recent there have been reports of industries releasing their waste into the rivers. Reports about nuclear waste dumping in the wrong areas have been rampant in the media especially in the last decade. From 1950s up 1970s the United States federal government was burying nuclear waste plutonium in Idaho. According to National Geographic News April 12, 2002, Snake River aquifer may be leached into by the buried plutonium waste. Snake river which is about 25000 square kilometers provides dirking and irrigation water for large population (Mayell, 2002). The diamond trade in Liberia that later turned out to be called the bloody diamonds because of fueling the civil war in Liberia and Sierra Leone during the last decade. The late Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo - DRC) was a darling of the west because of the resources that were plenty in the Great Lakes region. One component of fair trade is corporate social responsibility also called corporate citizen ship where the interests of the society take the first place by the organization taking responsibility for the impact of activities by the company or organization. on communities , customers, employees or suppliers. One of the biggest companies that has hit headlines on corporate social responsibility is the Microsoft company with the Melinda and Bill Gates foundation. The foundations' global development program has been trying to assist people get out of poverty and hunger by creating opportunities for them in Agriculture, helping small farmers to improve crop production and market access. They have been working with partners to help the poor societies get access to financial services, which are only available to only a few in African societies. While recognizing internet and computers as drivers of economic and social progress, the foundation has assisted with access to these tools and pro fessional skills, search for work, conduct business on-line, access government services and exchange ideas with others (Melinda & Bill Gates Foundation, 2008). Other areas where the banded ethical products are Not geared toward social exclusion but inclusion are the global health program of the Melinda and Bill Gates foundation whose mission is to encourage the development of life saving medical services and help in access the existing vaccines against the common deceases in developing countries. By assisting in research toward the development of drugs against malaria, tuberculoses and HIV amongst others, it shows a sure sign that it is committed to improving the quality of life for the marginalized societies and the grater society as well. It is through the development of the ethical products such as the fair trade that the organizations for preventing the exploitation of the producers for commodities like coffee emerged. A system that allowed people recognize the products that certain standards (labor or environmental) put by an independent body which issues certifications. In the United States it called Fairtrade certification. It sets

Government and Public Sector Trade Unions Essay

Government and Public Sector Trade Unions - Essay Example Allen Flanders (1970) says that the major functions of trade unions are 'Regulation' which is of government role, whose essence lies in rule making. As Flanders (1970) says "Union restrain the exercise of managerial authority in deploying, organizing and disciplining the labour force after it has been hired." Thus trade unions are considered not merely as economic organizations, but also as political institutions directed towards wresting control over managerial authority and moral institutions, which will uplift the weak, and downtrodden and render them the place, the dignity and justice they deserve. Trade unions, everywhere, as organizations undertake a variety of activities termed as economical, political, social psychological, cultural etc. All these activities could be broadly put into three major categories such as collective bargaining or negotiations, industrial action and legal actions. Basically unions are inclined and always emphasize on compensations and try to obtain higher wages from employer, which results in grater share from profits at the expense of organization plays have to employee-employer relationship. This relationship leads to conflict between management & employees as both adopting policies to each other (Gallie et. al. 1998; Kelly; 1998). Unions' voice through effective communication between management and employees and the resolution of employee grievances lead to improved relationship with employers (Freeman & Medoff, 1984). Union effects on employment relations depend on their monopoly and voice role. Future unions' relationship may lie on their emphasis on their voice role (Rubinstein 2001; Wachter 2003). Bargaining arrangements mediate the relationship between unions and perception of employment relations for various reasons. Fernie and Matcalf (1995: 401) agree "the benefits from having a union representation the bulk of the labour force in a work force flow from greater voice and representativesness and less fragmentation of work place employee relations." Analyzing employer perceptions of employment relations in the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (WIRS, 1990), Fernie et al. (1994:17) found "multi unionism contributes to inferior relations between management and labour." If workers are close substitute, employers could use fragmented bargaining arrangements to 'divide and rule' them (Horn and Wolinsky, 1988). If they are highly complementary this eventuality does not arise and separate unions or bargaining arrangements may promote better relations by providing voice arrangements for different groups of workers. Unions may obtain a premium where bargaining coverage in high or multiple unions are present (Forth & Millward, 2002). Management employee relations can be viewed as one dimension in what is usually regarded as the multifaceted concept of 'industrial relations climate'. Now in a broader sense, the organizations controlled and managed by the governments directly or indirectly can be put into the category of public sector. This sector consists of pure government sectors like police, armed forces,

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) - Essay Example It is achieved when a company is able to provide similar benefits as their competitors but at a lesser cost, or deliver benefits that are better than those of the competing products. The two types of competitive advantage therefore are cost advantage, which offers lower cost and differentiation advantage, which offers better benefits. Competitive advantage helps the company gain higher profits and aids it in creating superior or excellent value for its customers. Companies offer products to customers with the aim of continuous and growing patronage and positive feedback directed to possible customers. They aspire to maintain a solid customer base while aiming to increase that number by active marketing and selling of the products. Products may be classified into different kinds. Products may be physical objects or tangible goods, people, services, ideas or concepts, places, organizations and activities. All these material and non-material products are offered by the companies to their existing and prospective customers with the promise that the customers will benefit from their products in greater ways than if they support the competition. In order for the companies to offer the appropriate products to specific customers, they have to first identify the needs and wants of the customers. No two customers are exactly alike in their preferences. Each person differs from another. Focusing on the individual needs and wants of a multitude of customers is not feasible and practical fro companies. The cost will be too much to handle. The strategy used is to segment or group customers into clusters. Members of clusters share common characteristics which may be concluded as leaning towards a support, need or want of specific products. This way companies may determine the approaches they need to apply for specific customer groups or clusters. Aside from the actual selling techniques of companies, marketing strategies propel organizations to higher profits and bigger market share. According to the American Marketing Association, "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders" (AMA Adopts New Definition of Marketing). Marketing revolves around the theory that customers use a product or a service because they have a need or a want for it or the product offers a perceived benefit. Thus, determining the actual needs of customers is the very basic strategy for marketing. Markets today are very competitive in that the players more often than not have products of the same quality and similar sales and marketing strategies. This homogenous quality of markets makes it difficult for customers to choose a preferred company and establish loyalty with that company. Since the kinds and qualities of products are similar, prices of goods and services are often at the same level. Same levels of pricing do not give the companies cost advantage, so they resort to gaining differentiation advantage. They gain differentiation advantage by the provision of excellent customer service which translates to customer loyalty and creation of customer value. Customer Relationship Management is a vital element in the provision of

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay Grafting, transplanting or transferring, all are terms that mean replacing a failing vital organ with a healthy functioning one. Human body build up with multi of organs, some of them are vital organs as Brain, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Pancreas and Kidneys with no any of them human cannot live at all. On the other hand, tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Transplantation and organ donation are inseparably intertwined; this dream has inspired scientists during the history to obtain a successful organ transplant between humans and beat the immune system army from fighting the gift of life and improve the quality of the recipient life. Ancient Transplants and Myths In fact, organ replacement was a dream in ancient times. The Hindu deity Ganesha had his head replaced by an elephants head soon after birth (Rig-Veda, 1500 B.C.). In the Christian tradition, Saints Cosmas and Damian (fl. 3rd century A.D.) are famous for replacing the diseased leg of a true believer with the leg of a dark-skinned Moor, thereby becoming the patron saints of physicians and surgeons.  [i]   Many Roman and Chinese myths cite transplants of legs and hearts by saints and medicine men, but the first account of an actual transplant took place in the second century B.C. The Indian surgeon Sushruta transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man. Another recorded account of transplantation took place in the late 16th century, again with skin. Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi also did a skin graft, but his is also the first recorded account of rejection of the transplant by the patient.  [ii]  He recognized it to the force and power of individuality in his 1596 work  De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem. This shows that the idea of using human body as treatment in end stage diseases was flying in the scientific horizon. The failed experiments verses the successful ones have established a solid database for their followers to reach the first successful organ transplantation in the early 1900s. Keratoplastic operation or corneal allograft transplant was performed successfully by Eduard Zirm  in Olomouc, Czech Republic, in 1905.  [iii]  . The most important experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century was the French surgeon Alexis Carrel. He began to experiment with the transplantation of arteries and veins, one of his few successful human procedures. This work would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1912. Carrel also was the first to identify the problem of rejection, a dilemma that would stymie many scientists and doctors. Experimenting on dogs, Carrel learned the recipient body most often rejects donor organ material  [iv]   Nevertheless, who crooked the history on its head was the collaboration between all of Dr. Joseph Murray, Dr. J. Hartwell Harrison and Dr. John Merrill, they have registered the first successful golden standard therapy in the end stage renal disease when they performed the first kidney transplant in 23 Dec 1954 in Brigham Hospital at Boston, The procedure was done between  identical twins  to eliminate any problems of an  immune reaction. For this and later work, Dr. Murray received the  Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990.  [v]   In the late 1940s,  Peter Medawar, working for the  National Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. He has identified the immune reactions in 1951. Medawar suggested that  immunosuppressive drugs  could be used.  Cortisone  had been recently discovered and the more effective  azathioprine  was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of  cyclosporine  in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. Other organ transplantation attempts were not stopped. The journey has continued by James Hardy, when he performed the first successful deceased-donor lung transplant into a  lung cancer  sufferer in June 1963 in  Jackson, Mississippi. Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant during the same year, but was not successful until 1967. The heart was a most important prize for transplant surgeons. However, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the  heart-lung machine  was also needed. Lung pioneer  James Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipients heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart that failed very quickly. In December 3, 1967, the media has published the first successful achievement by  Christian Barnard  in  Cape Town, South Africa.  Louis Washkansky, the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but almost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnards second patient,  Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months. It was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer  Denton Cooley  performed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, multiple organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On March 9, 1981, the first successful  heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patients recovery to cyclosporine-A  [vi]  . Recently, the rate of successful organ transplants has increased rapidly and it has become the standard therapy in all over the world for end stage organ failure diseases. Combining to it the modern immunosuppression, which make transplants more common. However, types of donation have enlarged the pool of organs to cover the critical shortage of organs such as: Living-related donor. Living unrelated donors. Deceased donors. Non-heart beating. Xenotransplantation. Peter K.  Linden (January 2009) simply described this technology explosion as This field has progressed initially from what can accurately be termed a clinical experiment to routine and reliable practice, which has proven to be clinically effective, life-saving and cost-effective  [vii]  . To summaries the Organ Transplantation History, we can list the significant events in this timeline frame: 1954: On December 23, the first successful living-related kidney transplant led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston: A kidney was transplanted from Ronald Herrick into his identical twin, Richard.   1962:  First successful kidney transplant from a deceased donor, led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston.   1963:  First successful lung transplant led by Dr. James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS. 1966:  First successful pancreas/kidney transplant led by Drs. Richard Lillehei and William Kelly at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN. 1967:  First successful liver transplant led by Dr. Thomas Starzl at the University of Colorado in Denver, CO.   1967:  First successful heart transplant led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.   1968:  First successful heart transplant in the United States led by Dr. Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital in Stanford, CA.   1968:  Uniform Anatomical Gift Act establishes the Uniform Donor Card as a legal document for anyone 18 years of age or older to legally donate his or her organs upon death. 1972:  End Stage Renal Disease Act (ESRD) paves way for Medicare Coverage of Renal Dialysis and Kidney Transplants.  Ã‚      1981:  First Successful heart/lung transplant led by Dr. Brice Reitz at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA. 1983:  FDA approves Cyclosporine, the most successful anti-rejection medication developed to date; by 1984, two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. 1983:  First successful single lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1984:  National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) establishes a nationwide computer registry operated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS); authorizes financial support for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs); prohibits buying or selling of organs in the United States. 1986:  Dr. Michael DeBakey performs the worlds first heart transplant in 14 years. (USA) 1986:  First successful double-lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1986:  Required Request Laws require hospitals to develop policies to identify patients as potential donors and approach families about organ donation. 1988:  FDA approves Viaspan, which greatly extends the preservation of donated livers.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989:  First successful small intestine transplant (a near-total small bowel from a deceased donor) into a child, led by Dr. Olivier Goulet in Paris, France. 1989:  First successful living-related liver transplant led by Dr. Christoph Broelsch from Hamburg, Germany, at the University of Chicago Medical Center.  Ã‚      1990:  First successful living-related lung transplant led by Dr. Vaughn Starnes at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. He transplants the lobe of one lung from an adult female into the womans 12-year-old daughter.  Ã‚      1992:  First baboon to human liver transplant performed by Drs. Satoru Todo, Andreas Tzakis and John Fung, under the direction of pioneer transplant surgeon Thomas Starzl, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 1998:  National Conditions of Participation legislation enacted; required hospitals to refer all deaths, and imminent deaths, to the local Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) 1998:  First successful hand transplant led by Australian Dr. Earl Owen and Frenchman Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in a 13-hour long operation in Lyon, France. 2005:  First successful partial face transplant led by Dr. Bernard Devauchelle and Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in Amiens, France.   2008:  Dr. Michael DeBakey, the world-famous cardiovascular surgeon who pioneered such now-common procedures as bypass surgery and invented a host of devices to help heart patients, died on July 11, at   the age of 99. 2010:  The worlds first full-face transplant took place in Spain. The recipient was a man injured in a shooting accident. In July, the recipient who was only identified as Oscar (age 31), spoke with considerable difficulty at a news conference at Barcelonas Vall dHebron hospital, where he was operated on in late March  [viii]  . Advanced Medical Technologies Ethical Dilemma

Comparing and contrasting Silver Blaze and Finger Man Essay

When one thinks of detective fiction stories images of crime, murder, hero detective and villains enter a person’s mind. These images have been constantly changing over years, but they are not very different from when detective stories first began in 1828. The birth of detective stories came about in 1828 with a novel called Memoires supposedly written by Vidocq a chief of France’s detective force known as Surete. In 1841 a number of short stories were composed and collected to form The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allen Poe but it was in 1892 when detective stories finally emerged and become known by the people. It was in 1892 when The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was published in the Strand magazine that detective fiction had become a great success. The years of Sherlock Holmes stories are considered as the ‘Golden Age’ of detective fiction, after this authors began to take different approaches towards detective fiction writing, the writing was most notoriously named ‘Hard Boiled’ detective fiction. Both types of approaches varied in different ways with each other, the ‘Golden Age’ era consisted of stories with closed settings and focused its characters in the middle and upper classes. In the Hard Boiled era the plot would be mentally just as challenging as a story from the Golden Age era, but would unfold and lead to violent twists and turns. In Hard-boiled stories the detective solves the mystery by creating more trouble and being tough but does not return society to order or vindicate the power of reason. It was this new Hard Boiled setting that Raymond Chandler set his stories, and created his hard boiled detective Philip Marlow. Philip Marlow was first introduced in 1921 through a magazine called The Black Mask, which contained his short stories.  Both Silver Blaze and Finger Man are fictional Detective stories, but differ in many different ways from language and dialogue to cultural changes shown between both stories. This is because the stories were written at two different times, Silver Blaze is a pre 20th century piece of text where as Finger Man was created within the 20th century. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle a British author created Silver Blaze which featured one of the most renowned detective characters, Sherlock Holmes. His fictional character became so famous and loved by the public they actually embraced his identity and grew to believe that Sherlock Holmes was a real person and lived at 221b Baker Street. Finger Man was created by an American author called Raymond Chandler and starred a private detective by the name of Philip Marlowe. This fictional character appealed to a wide audience and was in most of Raymond Chandlers stories, eventually Hollywood used these stories and the character Philip Marlowe to create motion pictures.  In Silver Blaze Sherlock Holmes and his partner Dr Watson travel to Devon to uncover the kidnapping of a prize-winning horse. In this detective novel any clue will help towards the case and anybody having some relevance with the horse will be a suspect. In Silver Blaze the plot mainly revolves around a few individuals such as†¦. Whereas in finger man the story includes many characters who each play some small yet important part within the story. In Finger Man we see a tale of false framing on the main character Philip Marlowe who is set up by gangsters. It starts happening when he takes a job for a friend, but his friend dies and Marlowe becomes the prime suspect. When I read both stories there were many differences in character between Sherlock Holmes and Philip Marlowe. Sherlock Holmes is a more thoughtful and clue based detective where as Philip Marlowe relies on tip-offs and violence to resolve a situation. Sherlock Holmes is a methodical detective and relies in his wits to solve a case whereas PM uses his instincts. Within Silver Blaze Sherlock Holmes has a partner called Watson, the story itself is narrated by Watson and told through his view. PM is a one-man army and doesn’t depend on anybody for assistance unless in dire circumstances.  The change in text and dialogue is clearly shown once reading both stories. Pre 20th century text is very descriptive which is used as a feature of Holmes personality. In Finger Man the dialogue is very abrupt and direct, which also constructs an image of the stories setting and the characters persona.

Current Trends in the War on Terror Essay

As the world is cowering in terror from the 9/11 attacks and the bombing incidents in Indonesia and other parts of the world, the world’s attention is shifted now to where the attacks may occur next and what can be done to address the situation. Some suggest that the answer lies in being able to suppress and perhaps eliminate all of the terrorist cells all over the world. The problem there, however, is that any attack that is targeted at eliminating terrorist cells would necessarily involve any host country where they may be located and in any Middle Eastern country, such an attack could prove disastrous (Campbell & Flourney 372). The more practical and ideal solution to this problem therefore lies at a more fundamental level; a more basic level wherein the country has more controls and no international liability (Kochler 37). The solution to this problem is by improving border security in order to prevent the occurrence of these terrorist attacks while the international community seeks for answers to address this problem at a global scale. At this point in time, domestic policies would be the best option in fighting the war against terror. This short discourse will therefore seek to shed light on the issue of terrorism and the crucial role that the border security plays in such. To gain a better understanding of the problem, it is important to first analyze the current trends that have been taken relative to border security to ensure the safety of the public from terrorist attacks. This will then be supplemented by an explanation on how border security can take an even larger role. The most crucial aspect in relation to border security and its role in the war against terror concerns the aviation industry. Since the 9/11 attacks, the public confidence with regard to air travel has greatly been shaken (Taylor 2). The attacks had the effect of sending a message that now, even airplanes could be used as missiles to target buildings regardless of whether there were people on board the aircraft of not. Every plane crash that is reported on the news is suspected to have been caused by a terrorist attack rather than just an equipment malfunction or a pilot error. In response to these attacks, security has been considerably increased in airports all over the world. Every passenger is now subject to a full body search and every hand carried and checked in item is thoroughly inspected for any suspicious objects that can either cause an explosion or aid a hijacker in gaining control over the aircraft (Campbell & Flourney 52). The impact has not been limited to airport security as even airplane manufacturers and airlines have resorted to installing devices and taking precautions with regard to what to do in case an airplane is hijacked. One of the safety measures that have been suggested and is highly debated is the issuing of arms for the pilots so that they may be able to defend themselves against any terrorist hijackers that are able to force themselves into the cockpits (Lott 1). The current controversy with regard to airline security concerns the proposal to equip the pilots of airplanes with weapons in order to protect themselves from any hijackers that manage to enter the cockpit (Taylor 2). This proposal is of course faced with a lot of opposition because of the implications of allowing pilots to be armed in aircrafts. There is a lot of concern with regard to the security of the other passengers on board just in case the armed pilots do decide to turn on the other co-pilots and hijack the aircraft themselves or hold passengers as hostages for whatever purpose. The proponents for arming the pilots argue that it is the best option because the pilots need to defend themselves against the terrorist hijackers (Keeler 151). The problem with this is that it negates the training of the pilots which is that in times such as hijackings they are not supposed to deal with the terrorists but instead secure the cockpit and land the plane as soon as possible (Will 1). The concern here is that the plane should be landed right away in order to protect not only the passengers but also the people on the ground who may become targets or victims as the 9/11 experience has shown. The duty of the pilot is not concern himself with whatever goes on in the cabin but instead make sure that the plane is safely on the ground where there are more units who can deal with the situation properly. Pilots are not adequately trained to deal with hijacking situations in terms of dealing directly with the terrorist hijackers (Will 1). Another argument for the arming of the pilots is that such a measure is only designed to protect the pilots from terrorist hijackers who succeed in gaining entry into the cockpit (3). While there as some merit to this precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the armed pilots will do just that. There are instances when certain people, pilots included, enter a â€Å"cowboys or renegade† mode (Will 1). Most of the pilots have received a degree of military training as fighter pilots and there is some truth to the profiling of fighter pilots â€Å"live wires and risk-takers† (Will 1). The end result in these situations could be that instead of protecting the cockpit and landing the plane like they are supposed to, a number of these former fighter pilots could engage the terrorist hijackers.

a orange essays

a orange essays Just saying the name Agent Orange gets the attention of every Vietnam veteran, and I dare say most of the Australian and American public, not to mention the Vietnamese. It has been argued about, written about, researched and debated, published in magazines and newspapers, talked about on radio and television. It was the subject of documentaries, legal battles, and in Australia a Royal Commission that lasted some two years and cost 3.8 million dollars. Agent Orange was the code name for a herbicide developed for the military, primarily for use in tropical climates. Although the genesis of the product goes back to the 1940s, serious testing for military applications did not begin until the early 1960s. The purpose of the product was to deny an enemy cover and concealment in dense terrain by defoliating trees and shrubbery where the enemy could hide. The product Agent Orange (a code name for the orange band that was used to mark the drums it was stored in) was principally effective agai nst broad-leaf foliage, such as the dense jungle-like terrain found in Southeast Asia. The product was tested in Vietnam in the early 1960s, and was brought into ever widening use during the height of the war in 1967-68, though its use was diminished and eventually discontinued in 1971. Agent Orange was a 50-50 mix of two chemicals, known conventionally as 2,4,D and 2,4,5,T. the combined product was mixed with kerosene or diesel fuel and dispersed by aircraft, vehicle, and hand spraying. An estimated 19 million gallons of Agent Orange were used in South Vietnam during the war. The earliest health concerns about Agent Orange were about the products contamination with TCDD, or dioxin. TCDD is one of a family of dioxins, some found in nature, and are cousins of dibenzofurans and PCBs. Dioxin is formed by burning chlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of dioxin in the environment (95...

The Night essays

The Night essays The Night by Elie Weisel is a non fiction auto-biography. His special qualification for writing this is that he lived through it. He has won the Nobel Peace Prize, and he has written Dawn, The Accident, and The Town Beyond the Wall. He won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in improving the living conditions and promoting the understanding and acceptance of Jews around the world. I am not sure if this is a recent publication or a classic, but it was copyrighted in 1960. The book is organized in chronological order, it starts at the beginning of the war and when he is leaving for the concentration camp, and it ends when he is leaving the camp and is saved. The authors topic is the Holocaust. His main ideas are the events that occurred in his life during that year. He tells the happenings of someone living through the Holocaust as a Jew in a concentration camp. He starts the book by giving a quick overview of his childhood. He tells of the important people in his life, and he says the tips he got about what was to come that he had ignored. His siblings were ...There were four of us children: Hilda, the eldest; then Bea; I was the third, and the only son; the baby of the family was Tzipora... He had not gotten along so well with his father during his childhood. Someone he knew, named Moshe the Beadle, was the first one from his community who got a taste of the war. He came back to tell everyone about it and to warn them, but they ignored him. ... Jews, listen to me. Its all I ask of you. I dont want money or pity. Only listen to me.... he would cry out. Not even Eliezer believed him though. He would listen to be polite, and to give him a chance, but it didnt seem realistic to him. They finally realized their mistake when Eliezers father got the news of deportation. ... I have terrible news, he said at last, Deporta...

Ableism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ableism - Assignment Example Hayman also agrees with Christensen that societal beliefs usually change an individual’s mastery of concepts. For instance, society usually assigns minor roles, if not any, to disable-bodied persons as compared to able-bodied people. Able-bodied people are assigned significant roles in the society including other areas such as a career and sports. For example, Disabled individuals were not allowed to take part in a number of activities and events. For example, the capability and skills of disabled individuals, in sports, has never been fully exploited. In the current Paralympics games, the disabled people are exhibiting a number of potential skills and capabilities. With the introduction of new technologies, these people are capable of participating in games like marathon, steeplechase, basketball, and swimming. It is also notable that these athletes’ performances almost equalize that of able-bodied athletes. This is an indication that ableism is just a traditional notion that despises the competencies and capabilities of disable-bodied people. Therefore, a change is required to ensure that roles and duties are equally distributed depending on an individual’s capabilities and skills. This should also not be done on the basis of an individual’s physical

Is the Death Penalty Just and Applied Fairly Research Paper

Is the Death Penalty Just and Applied Fairly - Research Paper Example The issue of capital punishment, more specifically the death penalty, is a topic that can split the American public as far as their view points to two extreme sides. There are those who are against the death penalty and those who are for the death penalty. The death penalty can be such a polarizing topic that there are 16 states that have abolished the death penalty as opposed to the 34 states as well as the United States government and the military supporting it (Jones, 2002). The death penalty can be defined as the taking of a human’s life for their crimes or imposing the punishment of death for their crimes. A question arises that whether this death penalty is just and applied fairly? The death penalty is just and it is applied fairly and according to a Gallup Poll in May of 2002, 7 in 10 Americans agree. There is a vast majority of the Americans who insist on abolishing the death penalty of the mentally retarded at least. Almost 82% of the American population opposes death penalty for this particular group while the rest support the action. The case of Andrea Yates created this ratio in court. She was found guilty of murdering her five children but was mentally ill herself. Nearly 75% of the people opposed death penalty for her. History tells that America has been fairly constant in its decision for death penalty under the age of 21. This has varied over many years. They have refused to be supportive in this regard. In 1965, when 45% favored the death penalty in general, only 21% were in favor of applying the rule on juveniles. During the colonial era of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, England regarded death as a penalty for crimes such as treason, manslaughter, robbery, rape, murder, counterfeiting, arson, burglary, theft – or any capital crimes of the like. The American colonial past and the present followed the same footsteps. Over the period of time it became illogical to apprehend the same punishment for all these crimes, hence it was deduced that only the gravest of crimes will be awarded with death. However, America followed the tradition of refusing to show any understanding towards the minority which denied any such punishment. It is researched that they did not follow the tradition blindly but due to the institutional structure prevailing in the eighteenth century, the role of capital punishment was broader than it is today. As mentioned above, the notion of death penalty varied from state to state. The northern colonial penal codes were more severe than those in England because of the varying religious origins of the colonies (Banner, 2002). Coincidentally, the era of American colonization coincided with the stiffening of the criminal law prevailing in England. The crimes that seemed minor to most of them such as poaching deer, stealing minor amount of cash and the like, started to be regarded as deathly and consequential. Colonies which had a larger number of slaves tried them and punished them for every little crime they did. As long as slavery was common, the system continued to function with more terror and bitterness. Much was done out of racial differences. Blacks were accused and caught for crimes more frequently. The crimes that were committed by the whites were left unattended in most cases. What was to be done with such kind of inequality? Execultions of the criminals were conducted on the roads for better